De-Extinction - The Resurrection of Extinct Animals

De-Extinction - The Resurrection of Extinct Animals Theres another popular expression that has been getting out and about of stylish tech meetings and ecological research organizations: de-eradication. Because of continuous advances in DNA recuperation, replication and control innovation, just as the capacity of researchers to recoup delicate tissue from fossilized creatures, it might before long be conceivable to raise Tasmanian Tigers, Wooly Mammoths and Dodo Birds once again into reality, probably fixing the wrongs that humanity exacted on these delicate brutes in any case, hundreds or thousands of years prior. The Technology of De-Extinction Before we get into the contentions for and against de-annihilation, its supportive to take a gander at the present status of this quickly creating science. The urgent element of de-annihilation, obviously, is DNA, the firmly wound particle that gives the hereditary diagram of some random species. So as to de-terminated, state, a Dire Wolf, researchers would need to recuperate a sizable lump of this creatures DNA, which isn't so implausible thinking about that Canis dirus just went wiped out around 10,000 years prior and different fossil examples recouped from the La Brea Tar Pits have yielded delicate tissue. Wouldnt we need the entirety of a creatures DNA so as to bring it once more from elimination? No, and that is the magnificence of the de-eradication idea: the Dire Wolf imparted enough of its DNA to present day canines that lone certain particular qualities would be required, not the whole Canis dirus genome. The following test, obviously, is locate a reasonable host to brood a hereditarily built Dire Wolf embryo; probably, a deliberately arranged Great Dane or Gray Wolf female would possess all the necessary qualities. There is another, less untidy approach to de-wiped out an animal types, and that is by switching a large number of long stretches of training. At the end of the day, researchers can specifically raise crowds of cows to energize, as opposed to stifle, crude characteristics, (for example, an ornery instead of a quiet aura), the outcome being a nearby estimate of an Ice Age Auroch. This procedure could possibly even be utilized to de-breed canines into their non domesticated, uncooperative Gray Wolf progenitors, which may not do much for science however would absolutely make hound shows all the more intriguing. This, incidentally, is the explanation for all intents and purposes nobody genuinely discusses de-extincting creatures that have been wiped out for many years, similar to dinosaurs or marine reptiles. Its troublesome enough to recoup practical parts of DNA from creatures that have been wiped out for a huge number of years; following a huge number of years, any hereditary data will be rendered totally hopeless by the fossilization procedure. Jurassic Park aside, dont anticipate that anybody should clone a Tyrannosaurus Rex in your or your childrens lifetime! Contentions in Favor of De-Extinction Because we may, sooner rather than later, have the option to de-wiped out evaporated species, does that mean we should? A few researchers and thinkers are bullish on the possibility, refering to the accompanying contentions in support of its: We can fix humanitys past missteps. In the nineteenth century, Americans who didnt know any better butchered Passenger Pigeons by the millions; ages previously, the Tasmanian Tiger was headed to approach termination by European settlers to Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania. Reviving these creatures, this contention goes, would help turn around an enormous verifiable injustice.We can get familiar with development and science. Any program as goal-oriented as de-elimination is sure to deliver significant science, a similar way the Apollo moon missions helped introduce the age of the PC. We may conceivably learn enough about genome control to fix malignant growth or broaden the normal people life length into the triple digits.We can counter the impacts of ecological ravaging. A creature species isnt significant just for the wellbeing of its own; it adds to a huge trap of natural interrelationships and makes the whole biological system increasingly vigorous. Reviving wiped out creature s might be only the treatment our planet needs in this time of an unnatural weather change and human overpopulation. Contentions Against De-Extinction Any new logical activity will undoubtedly incite a basic clamor, which is frequently an automatic response against what pundits think about dream or bunk. On account of de-elimination, however, the naysayers may have a point, as they keep up that: De-eradication is a PR trick that reduces genuine natural issues. What is the purpose of reviving the Gastric-Brooding Frog (to take only one model) when several land and water proficient species are near the precarious edge of capitulating to the chytrid organism? An effective de-eradication may give individuals the bogus, and risky, impression that researchers have settled the entirety of our natural problems.A de-extincted animal can just flourish in an appropriate environment. Its one thing to gestate a Saber-Toothed Tiger baby in a Bengal tigers belly; its very another to imitate the environmental conditions that existed 100,000 years back when these predators controlled Pleistocene North America. What will these tigers eat, and what will be their effect on existing warm blooded creature populations?Theres normally a valid justification why a creature went terminated in any case. Advancement can be pitiless, however its never off-base. Individuals chased Wooly Mammoths to annihi lation more than 10,000 years back; whats to shield us from rehashing history? De-Extinction: Do we have a decision? At long last, any real exertion to de-wiped out a disappeared animal varieties will presumably need to win the endorsement of the different government and administrative offices, a procedure that may take years, particularly in our present political atmosphere. Once brought into the wild, it very well may be hard to shield a creature from spreading into surprising specialties and territoriesand, as referenced above, not even the most far-located researcher can check the natural effect of a revived animal varieties. One can dare to dream that, if de-termination goes ahead, it will be with a maximal measure of care and arranging and sound respect for the law of unintended outcomes.

Weaponry: A History :: essays research papers

Weaponry: A History      What is the most ruinous force ever? Is it a rocket torpedo that shoots directly to the surface from a submarine, flies through the air toward a foe sub, and afterward jumps at its objective? Is it the electrically fueled automatic rifle that regurgitates 110 rounds for each second to crush its rival totally? Possibly it’s an intercontinental ballistic rocket equipped with atomic warheads, fit for executing many thousands with a solitary nuclear bomb. Of course, is it the tank with warm imaging sight that detects an adversary vehicle’s heat so it can seeâ€and killâ€even it all out haziness?      Actually, it is none of these. One must go right back to the start of weapons advancement, when people originally made sense of that specific devices made fighting much progressively successful. A person’s arm, for instance, couldn't toss a stone or stick exceptionally far, so individuals contrived slings and sharp tips to let their shots travel farther, quicker and land more enthusiastically. Iron-tipped lances, lances and blades appeared when people figured out how to utilize and shape metals a large number of years prior. Other early fighting gadgets included bows and bolts, launches , and with the training of the pony, the pony driven chariot.      None of these crude weapons appear to address the above inquiry, so skirt ahead to the vehicle of black powder from China to Europe in the thirteenth century. With the presentation of black powder, the protection of the renowned â€Å"knights in sparkling armor† step by step got futile against the entrance of ammo shot from a harquebus, flintlock, or gun . By the fourteenth century, most European armed forces utilized black powder, rockets and different explosives in fighting. However the craft of war was reformed again by the pistol and the programmed gun in the nineteenth century.      The first significant war to utilize the quick shoot weapons was WWI. New contraptions were expected to ensure the officers, presently clustered in channels, unfit to move, not to mention battle. Enter the tank. Infantry could now be in all out attack mode. Progress in the structure of warships prompted more grounded, increasingly deadly submarines that terminated torpedoes from underneath the waves. Torpedo-vessel â€Å"destroyers† were then made to battle the submarines.      Germany’s rout in WWI prompted its advancement of ballistic rockets, one of the developments that transformed fighting once more. Advances in programmed weapons and aeronautics were the most recent developments on the battlefront. In any case, it was the deadliest weapon at any point made the nuclear bomb-that chose and finished the war for the last time.

Heredity, Genetics and Protein Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Heredity, Genetics and Protein Synthesis - Essay Example In antiquated occasions, individuals thought about how children were conceived and why they share numerous attributes of their folks. For long it was a secret, until Gregor Mandel, an Austrian priest presented a few rules that shaped the premise of current hereditary qualities. He clarified that these qualities or heritable properties are moved as units called qualities. (Sharma 2005, p.2). With the advancement in science and accessibility of current research methods, it was before long affirmed that these qualities are nucleotide grouping in a DNA atom. This succession resembles a guidance manual of how attributes will be created in a person. As Mandel had clarified before, one trademark or quality is acquired from each parent. Be that as it may, where are these qualities found and how they are moved from guardians to posterity? This was the inquiry that was before long addressed after a year after Mandel’s passing. It was at first recommended that hereditary material is situ ated in core. Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri proposed in 1903, that qualities are conveyed in uncommon structures called chromosomes. (Sharma 2005, p.14). Qualities are set of guidance conveyed by uncommon atoms called Deoxyribonucleac Acid or DNA. It is this particle that breezes around histone proteins to frame a chromosome. DNA has a novel structure that empowers it to safeguard and move hereditary material. DNA is a twofold abandoned, against equal helical structure with a deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate spine. Every nucleotide has either a purine or pyramidine nitrogenous base joined to it. Guacine sets with cytosine and thymine sets with adenine on integral strands. This variable arrangement of base pair is really the hereditary code. A particular quality is available at fixed area on a chromosome called locus. There are 23 sets of chromosome present in a substantial cell of an individual and each parent contributes one chromosome to frame that pair. How these chromosomes are moved from guardians to posterity? The appropriate response is straightforward; gametes of each parent contain 23 chromosomes and when two gametes intertwine these chromosomes are included in one cell called zygote. All the ensuing cells that are framed from zygote by the procedure of mitosis contain indistinguishable hereditary material. So any physical cell has a couple of same chromosome, one from mother and one from father. As referenced before, qualities are available at fixed areas on a chromosome. In the event that there is a couple of chromosome it implies there will be two arrangements of same quality, one from each parent present at similar loci. The base succession of these two arrangements of qualities may not be same and this variety in quality is called an allele. (Kail and Cavanaugh 2007, p.44). Presently significant inquiry is which of these two qualities will be communicated in the posterity? Recall that hereditary cosmetics of an individual is called genotype and its physical articulation is a phenotype. Much of the time, the two alleles are communicated to deliver a phenotype. Sickle cell infection is brought about by change in the beta hemoglobin quality. At the point when this quality is communicated it frames an unusual protein which causes modification looking like red platelet from biconcave circle to sickle formed (Bloom, 1995). As a feature of past conversation, this quality additionally has two alleles acquired from each parent. A person with just one transformed quality won't get this malady in light of the fact that the other typical quality will likewise be communicated and make up for unusual quality. This is an awesome case of how qualities are key determinants of human attributes. Not all successions in a DNA speak to a quality. All the hereditary material in core and in mitochondria together is known as a genome. Just 1% f this genome is really qualities. Thousand of these qualities direct species in development and impro vement of different attributes. One quality

Innovation And Entrepreneurship Affect †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Innovation And Entrepreneurship Affect. Answer: The paper presents a concise outline of the advancement and business. It clarifies that how advancement and enterprise influence the business exercises of the association. Advancement is the application and procedure of better arrangements so as to address verifiable issues, new necessities and market needs and wants. The advancement is identified with the new creation. Advancement and business enterprise are interconnected with one another. Further, advancement is the procedure of execution of new thoughts, musings, innovation, and information. Development is the consequence of group and collective endeavors where achievement and development rely on the new innovation and science. Advancement and business are the more extensive ideas. Development is the way toward changing over a thought and innovation into the great and administration which make viable qualities in the association (Bloom, Draca Van Reenen, 2016). It includes the arranged use of information and data, activity, creat ive mind and various qualities from assets. It is a procedure which includes numerous exercises, performed by the different players in the association. Numerous associations receive advancement and business enterprise procedure to pick up the more achievement and development later on. Development isn't just the creation procedure however it likewise makes changes in the plan of action of the association. Advancement builds the client decisions and desires and it likewise amplifies the globalization network. Through advancement, the organization can take the business enterprise benefits. In this manner, development assumes a huge job in each association. It is the blend of innovative procedure and imaginative procedure to make and assemble new monetary incentive for the different partners (Hattab, 2014). Enterprise is the procedure propelling, running, working and planning another business and exchange. It has been characterized as the Willingness and capacity to arrange, oversee, work and build up a business with diminishing the different sort of hazard so as to expand the income and benefit of the organization. The business people recognize the chances and dangers of the market. A business person characterized as an individual who begins, oversees, arranges and works any endeavor and venture. Business enterprise makes and builds up the open doors for the work and it upgrades and expands the economy of the nation (Choi Majumdar, 2014). It is compulsory for the upgrade and advancement of administrative and regulatory capacities. It is the wide and dynamic idea which wipes out and expels the different obstructions and snags inside the association. In business enterprise, individuals grow new thoughts and considerations and they become increasingly mindful and gauge and distinguish the chances and dangers of the organization. After the different inquires about, it has been discovered that development and enterprise are critical to grow the business exercises and to defeat available contenders (Bae, Qian, Miao Fiet, 2014). Advancement and enterprise assume a huge job in each association. Advancement is the particular instrument of business enterprise. Business visionaries search and discover the wellsprings of advancement and they discover the open doors for the business. Advancement is fundamental for the endurance of business visionaries and it is likewise important to grow the matter of the association. Advancement and enterprise are the key achievement factor of the association. In todays serious condition, advancement and business enterprise are significant achievement elements to defeat on the rivals in the market. Advancement and business enterprise help to create and assemble the authoritative structure and qualities in the association. Business people are the individual who recognizes and assess the different chances and finds the holes in the market and measures the achievability of new business. They gather the input from the market to accomplish the authoritative objectives and targets. Num erous organizations utilize the conventional business procedures and techniques in business which influences the business exercises of the organization. Hence, the association utilizes advancement and business enterprise process in the association. Business visionaries utilize the advancements to improve and upgrade the nature of work and they likewise improve the situation of the organization in the worldwide economy. Business visionaries are answerable for development and accomplishment of the organization (Kleinknecht, 2016). Here, my stuff development theoretical organization has been chosen for the paper. The exposition gives a diagram of the significance and impacts of utilizing the development and enterprise device in themanagement with the goal that goal can be accomplished. My stuff development is a mover and packer organization which is a moving business. The organization helps the clients in conveying administrations at their doorsteps. Through these exercises, the item is effectively reachable by the clients. Numerous different exercises which the organization performs are online conveyance, helping with moving house, aid home conveyances and so on. As the business is new in the market and the possibility of the business is likewise imaginative, in this manner the organization needs to utilize development and enterprising exercises in their business so as to make progress (Seltzer Mahmoudi, 2013). The truth of the matter is known to all that no business in todays world can run effectively without utilizing development device in their business. So as to make an alternate situation in the business, every single organization needs to actualize such procedures. Further, the idea of the business is imaginative so in the event that the business visionary of the organization will execute the creative procedures, at that point the business will pick up the piece of the overall industry in a limited capacity to focus time. The organization will utilize troublesome development method in their business with the goal that their abilities are improved in the market. Troublesome advancement is the sort of development which the business procedure use uses to improve the nature of their item and give most extreme fulfillment to the client of the organization. My stuff development organization has started with an imaginative thought in the market, in this manner the clients will presently anti cipate from the organization that it will work likewise with inventive methods in the market (Baden-Fuller Haefliger, 2013). Problematic development will assist the organization with circulating their item in the objective market with low costs. This will pull in light of a legitimate concern for the clients which will make them utilize the administrations of the organization. What's more, at last the offer of the organization will rise. In the event that the items are conveyed in the market without lower costs and there are effectively accessible to the clients at their doorstep at that point, because of better accessibility at low costs the organization will thrive in the market and increase the serious edge. On the off chance that such vehicle administrations are being sold at a significant expense in the market, at that point it will get hard for the business to make its situation in the market because of previously existing rivals in the market (Leutner, Ahmetoglu, Akhtar Chamorro-Premuzic, 2014). Discussing the utilization of enterprising procedures in the organization, such methods will help the organization in the inception of troublesome development in the market. Advancement and enterprise devices are constantly utilized in arrangement, creative being the more extensive idea is utilized by the business person in starting their business capacities (Frankenberger, Weiblen, Csik Gassmann, 2013). A business visionary is an individual who investigations the dangers which can make misfortunes for the organization and drive them to create benefits for the association. No business person can work productively without utilizing creative strategies. In the organization my stuff development, the principle task which the business visionary will perform is to persuade the representatives and cause them to comprehend the instruments which the organization is going to use to expand the deal in the market. On the off chance that the worker of the organization won't bolster the choice of their pioneer then the organization can't work in since quite a while ago run. In this manner, alongside development, the supervisor of the organization will proficiently take a shot at the pioneering procedures with the goal that greatest money related advantages are accomplished for the organization (Kttim, Kallaste, Venesaar Kiis, 2014). One of the creative strategies which the organization will be used to boost their benefits is the utilization of online networking innovation to improve the working of the business. Discussing development, innovation is the first import thing which draws in the business and encourages them to procure benefits. The business person will effectively investigate the interest of the objective market and the prerequisite of the clients, and afterward in like manner flexibly the administrations and item in the market. Further, it will be noticed that the business visionary will help the work force of the organization to build up the abilities and aptitudes (Cabigiosu, Zirpoli Camuffo, 2013). The effect of the utilization of imaginative pioneering strategies is that the organization will improve its abilities and make an item which is requested in the market. Development isn't just required by the item or administrations however the business visionary can start advancement in the internalman agement of the association too. With this impact, the business person will start themanagement to use the assets ideally and decrease wastage. Another path in whichinternal the board can be improved is that the pioneer will instruct the administration with respect to the creative strategies utilized in the business so they can trust on the exercises of their administrator. In this way, along these lines the advancement and enterprise instruments can assist the organization with utilizing the assets ideally and increasing most extreme advantage for the organization (Boons, Montalvo, Quist Wagner, 2013). Consequently, from the above occasions, it will be noticed that in todays world it extremely basic for an organization to actualize development and enterprise methods in their business procedure. So the My Stuff

What is A Room With A View about? Essay example -- English Literature

What is A Room With A View about, as you would like to think? What strategies does E.M. Forster use to pass on this message to the peruser? A Room With A View is about the social change happening in England in the mid twentieth century, post Queen Victoria's demise. Darwin had simply distributed his book on the hypothesis of advancement which was the impetus for the presentation of progressively liberal and mainstream thoughts into a preservationist and strict England. So as to clarify this procedure of progress, Forster compares it to the Renaissance, which is the reason it is noteworthy that A Room With A View starts in Italy. The issue with a quickly changing society is that individuals from that society don't essentially realize how to carry on in light of the fact that the limits are changing and this is the thing that Forster is attempting to depict in A Room With A View. Each character in the novel can be ordered into one of two gatherings, the Victorian/Medieval characters and the twentieth Century/Renaissance characters. Certain characters represent extraordinary periods. Be that as it may, Forster is skilful enough to make these characters sensible which is the reason they are fit for logical inconsistency; for very much a not many characters, the peruser accepts that they have a place with one of these bunches yet then their conduct is out of nowhere in opposition to that gathering in this way befuddling the peruser with regards to what period they represent. For instance Miss Bartlett is quickly seen by the peruser as a 'Victorian' in light of the fact that in the main part she rejects Mr Emerson's liberality since she feels it is ill-advised to acknowledge. Be that as it may toward the finish of the novel, the peruser is made mindful that Miss Bartlett intentionally doesn't intrude on a discussion among Lucy and Mr Emerson, flawlessly mindful that he could convince Lucy to admi... ...es, where individuals put stock in affection, however scorn those challenged show to wed for affection. His tale is fruitful at doing this since it praises enthusiasm and rashness; he taunts those representing show, for example, Cecil, Mr Excited and Miss Bartlett and supports those that speak to adore and progression. Cecil doesn't simply speak to show he too speaks to 'culture'. Lucy and George wed at long last to everybody's shock since it is Forster's plan to empower sentiment. Despite the fact that Forster's tale is managing explicit occasions happening in English history it never the less stays a novel which is still appreciated today since it manages the all inclusive subject that affection vanquishes all. The characters are manifestations that live today similarly as they did as when the novel was first distributed, in light of the fact that they are so practical and natural to the peruser.

A Snapshot of Bette Daviss Divorce--She Read Too Much, Says Husband Critical Linking, November 11

A Snapshot of Bette Daviss Divorce--“She Read Too Much,” Says Husband Critical Linking, November 11 Sponsored by  Flatiron Books, publishers of Nine Perfect Strangers by Liane Moriarty. On December 7, 1938, The New York Times reported on the dissolution of Bette Davis marriage with Harmon “Oscar” Nelson. The stated reason for the divorce? The actress read too much. The report goes on to say: Harmon usually just sat there while his wife read to an unnecessary degree. She thought her work was more important than her marriage. She even insisted on reading books or manuscripts when [Harmon] had guests. It was all very upsetting. Yes Bette Yes!! I believe Africans, living in Africa, need something entirely different from Afrofuturism. I’m not going to coin a phrase but please feel free to do so. Our needs, when it comes to imagining futures, or even reimagining a fantasy present, are different from elsewhere on the globe; we actually live on this continent, as opposed to using it as a costume or a stage to play out our ideas. We need a project that predicts (it is fiction after all) Africa’s future ‘postcolonialism’; this will be divergent for each country on the continent because colonialism (and apartheid) affected us in unique (but sometimes similar) ways. In South Africa, for instance, there needs to exist a place in our imaginations that is the opposite of our present reality where a small minority owns most of the land and lives better lives than the rest. Heres a really great piece on Afrofuturism. Epic adventures are only part of the appeal of J.R.R. Tolkien’s Middle Earth books. What really set Tolkien apart from other fantasy writers was his skill at crafting entire worldsâ€"and at showing how important language is to history and identity. How much do you know about Tolkien’s linguistic world? Time for a Tolkien pop quiz. Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Ins and Outs The Social Identity Theory Applied to the Prince by Machiavelli and Christopher Columbus’ Journal - Literature Essay Samples

In social psychology, there is a well-known theory that explains why individuals show hatred for those of different races, religions, sexualities, sports teams, political parties, and other groupings. This is called the â€Å"social identity theory†. Those who share a common category, the ingroup, are more likely to bond, whereas people of the opposite or different category, the outgroup, are portrayed negatively and often stereotyped by the ingroup. In early human times, social identity theory protected humans from unknown threats. The human would see something in the woods and need to make a decision as to whether it was a friend or foe. In modern humans, social identity theory encourages unity by establishing an enemy. Peoples feel more connected to one another when there is a common outgroup. The Prince and Christopher Columbus: Extracts from Journal are excellent examples of how humans have retained their primal instincts and how such instincts can be used to benefit the nation or community. This paper will argue that having a mutual enemy, or outgroup, strengthens bonds among dissimilar peoples and helps a ruler consolidate power over his people. In The Prince, Machiavelli argues that in order to unite people, the prince should declare and publicly condemn an enemy. Machiavelli explains that a successful prince will exaggerate the harm an enemy has inflicted upon the people and afterwards give â€Å"hope to his subjects that the ills they are enduring will not last long†. Machiavelli emphasizes the need for an outgroup, in this case the enemy. Not only is the prince supposed to create an outgroup, but he should also be encouraging â€Å"fear of the enemy’s cruelty†. Giving the people an enemy will unite them in both in spirit and in battle. Here, the prince is supposed to establish an outgroup so that the the prince himself will not become the enemy. Machiavelli warns that if the prince neglects this critical step, the people will revolt against him or simply not take arms when ordered unless he stops them, he should take â€Å"effective measures against those who are too outspoken†. Such individu als are known in the social identity theory as outgroup sympathizers. In some situations, the sympathizers can aid the nation, but here, Machiavelli argues that they can limit a nation’s growth and a prince’s power. Further, this behavior will make the prince more favorable to his people because it appears that he has the key to defeating the enemy. Once an enemy is established and the people are incited, the people are equally enraged and as a result more likely to fight as a group. In addition to uniting as a nation, Machiavelli argues that an enemy also unites the people to and under the prince. This is a major benefit to the prince as it makes the people more willing to fight for the prince and no one else. When the enemy â€Å"of course burn and pillage† the people’s homes and cities, â€Å"so the prince has the less reason to worry†. The reason for the prince’s action is because once the people’s â€Å"enthusiasm has died down†, they may assume more power than they had before. The prince needs to keeps them focused on the peoples hatred of the outgroup. Now fighting for a common goal, the people â€Å"will identify themselves even more with their prince†. The leader of the ingroup, in Machiavelli’s opinion, not only has the right to incite the ingroup against the outgroup, but has the duty to do. He claims that once the prince gains the trust of the people, the people will be more willing to act as a g roup. This will make them easier to rule and more likely to blindly follow the prince. In this chapter of The Prince, Machiavelli emphasizes the need to have a common enemy by showing the reader how creating an outgroup can positively affect an ingroup. More importantly, creating a common enemy can help solidify a princes authority and control over his people. To further his own assertions, Machiavelli also provides an example of when a prince does not successfully establish an enemy and how it divides the people. Machiavelli examines why Italy is not powerful and how the princes of Italy have let down their people. The first mistake the Italian princes made was dividing the nation â€Å"into several states† due to the war between the nobility, â€Å"each of these states became so small many citizens became a prince, but the townsmen had no experience in military matters† and could not establish or defeat a common enemy. Also, the nobility who were in control of the citizens were only concerned with fighting one another instead of actual external threats. This â€Å"led Italy into slavery and ignominy†. The ingroup, the Italians, became poor due to too many princes, each with their own agenda, lack of control over the citizens, and the lack of an outgroup. Machiavelli also condemns princes who incite the people against one another. He attributes the fall of the Italian empire to the â€Å"Church in order to increase its temporal authority, supported these revolts† who take the place of a prince. The Church had an ulterior motive to divide the people of Italy against one another and succeeded. However, as mentioned earlier, the citizens were not soldiers and so the Church hired foreign mercenaries to fight for them, who then created their own nations within Italy. The Churchs decision to fund rebellion within Italy led to the Church becoming less powerful and contributed to the decline of Italys reputation and power. Without a strong prince to lead them, the ingroup will suffer as they consume precious energy and resources fighting each other rather than a mutual, external enemy. A legitimate, foreign threat will see Italy as a collection of broken city-states that would be easily conquered by a strong enemy. The only way to reverse such intricate disorder is to choose a prince who represen ts all of the nations within a divided Italy. Machiavelli permits this prince to incite the people against a certain outgroup in order to protect the entirety of the nation. If a prince fails to pit the ingroup against a particular outgroup, the ingroup will suffer. Christopher Columbus journal clearly shows that disparate people can be united under a banner of hatred for an outgroup, in this situation the Native American peoples. Traveling to the Americas for the first time, Columbus kept a travel log and frequently wrote about the people living on the â€Å"newly discovered† islands. His goal was to convince Ferdinand, the Spanish king, to finance and support another another expedition to America. To convince him, Columbus claimed that the native peoples â€Å"have no religion† and as a result â€Å"would very readily become Christian.† Columbus created an outgroup of godless heathens, clearly the opposite of the fervently Roman Catholic Spanish monarch. After Columbus establishes the enemy, he appeals to the king by stating his plan, â€Å"I could conquer the whole of them with fifty men, and govern them as I pleased.† Conquering an outgroup, especially one from new lands, would not just benefit the nation financia lly, but also socially. Financially, Colombus’ people were at an advantage as they saw the gold and wealth the natives carried, â€Å"there is much gold, the inhabitants wearing it in bracelets upon their arms, legs, and necks, as well as in their ears and at their noses.† Columbus believes that once he returns to Spain with his ships full of gold and other treasure, the king will want to send more ships to the Americas, thereby accomplishing Columbus’ financial goal. Socially, once the land in America is conquered, the Spanish inhabitants will feel more united because they have defeated the outgroup. Columbus was well aware that having a common enemy would strengthen the group as a whole due to the wealth they carry and willingness to convert to a new religion. Columbus uses social identity theory to convince the king to send more aid and money to Columbus and his men. The social identity theory is the basis of most disputes. It is something that we, as intelligent beings, cannot remove from our instincts. The key to overcoming it is to embrace it and understand the impact it has on our lives. Machiavelli explains how the people can be manipulated into believing an outgroup is more harmful than it truly is. Machiavelli shows that the people need an enemy in order to unite against and that having an enemy makes it easier to for a leader to govern and control his own people. Columbus argues a similar point that sometimes in order to get what you want, you need to convince the audience that you are a part of their ingroup. Columbus successfully does this when he writes the king to ask him for more aid in order to explore more of the Americas. He does this by mentioning the gold in the new land and establishing a new enemy: the native peoples. In both of the texts, the outgroup is used as a means to empower the ingroup, the result being that the ingrou p will be more more willing to support their leader and fight against the enemy. The social identity theory is the key to unifying a nation.

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ROSS Surname Meaning and Family History

The Ross surname has Gaelic origins and, depending upon the origin of the family, could have several different meanings: From ros, a peninsula, isthmus, or promontory signifying someone who lived on a headland.From rhos, Welsh for moor or bog; signifying someone who lived near a moor.From rose and rosh, signifying a valley or dale between hills.A descriptive name from the Middle English rous, meaning red-haired.A habitational name for one who came from the district of Ross, in Scotland.  Or from Rots near Caen in Normandy. Ross is the 89th most popular surname in the United States. Surname Origin:  English, Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings:  ROSSE, ROS Famous People With the Surname ROSS Betsy Ross (born  Griscom):  widely credited with making the first American flagMarion Ross: American actress; best known for her role as Mrs. C on the 1970s sitcom Happy DaysNellie Ross (born Tayloe): first woman in the U.S. to serve as governor, and the first to direct the U.S. mint Where the Ross Surname Is Most Common According to surname distribution from  Forebears, the Ross surname today is most prevalent in the United States but is found in the greatest numbers (based on population percentage) in Scotland. It ranks as the 1,083rd most common surname in the world—and ranks among the top 100 surnames in Scotland (14th), Canada (36th), New Zealand (59th), Australia (69th) and the United States (79th). Surname maps from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  indicate slightly different numbers from Forebears, putting the Ross surname as most common in Australia and New Zealand, based on frequency per million people. Within Scotland, the Ross surname is found in the greatest numbers in northern Scotland, including the Highlands, Aberdeenshire, Moray, and Angus. Genealogy Resources for the Surname  Ross 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their Meanings: Smith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census?Ross DNA Project: The Ross Family DNA Project seeks to use Y-DNA testing in combination with traditional genealogy research to enable Ross families to determine if they share a common ancestor with other Ross families.  This project welcomes all derivatives of the surname (Ross, Ros, etc.).Ross  Family Crest - Its Not What You Think: Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Ross  family crest or coat of arms for the Ross surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.ROSS  Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Ross  surname to find others who might be researching your ancestor s, or post your own Ross query.FamilySearch - ROSS  Genealogy: Explore over 5.2  million  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Ross surname and variations on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.GeneaNet - Ross  Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Ross surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Ross Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Ross surname from the website of Genealogy Today. References Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Children s Learning During Ppl3 - 3281 Words

Having had the opportunity to assess children’s learning during PPL3, it is clear that there are certain strategies that best suits the needs of individuals. From studying lesson plans and evaluations, and from general observation it is clear that group work was often beneficial, and gave the children the chance to work with peers of different ability levels and different learning styles, so that they were able to develop and learn from their peers. Group work is great for getting children to work collaboratively, whether this is as a pair, or as a group of 6, or a group of 12, it takes them out of their comfort zones and to adapt to new situations. Using different strategies such as think-pair-share and mixed ability groups as well as self chosen groups can really determine the quality of children’s learning. I shall be looking into these strategies and reviewing my own teaching and how they were beneficial or detrimental towards a child’s education. Group work revolves around one main point: communication, Lev Vygotsky (1978) stated that â€Å"language is the main tool that promotes thinking, develops reasoning, and supports cultural activities like reading and writing†. Teachers need to provide the opportunity for children to discuss their own learning, it helps children build off one another and to learn off one another through meaningful exchange, this then promotes deeper understanding and communication. Discussion-based classroom using socratic dialogue can lead each

“Story Truth” and “Happening Truth” in the Things They...

The Things They Carried Analysis â€Å"Story Truth† and â€Å"Happening Truth† in The Things They Carried Throughout The Things They Carried, by Tim O’Brien it is difficult to separate what is fictitious, and what is true. During the entire work there are two different â€Å"truths†, which are â€Å"story truth† and â€Å"happening truth†. â€Å"Happening truth† is the actual events that happen, and is the foundation or time line on which the story is built on. â€Å"Story truth† is the molding or re-shaping of the â€Å"happening truth† that allows the story to be believable and enjoyable. It is not easy to distinguish â€Å"happening truth† from â€Å"story truth†, and at times during the novel O’brien reveals which is which. On the other hand, when the reader is blind to†¦show more content†¦Martha gave it to me herself’† (28). This makes the reader believe that the Tim O’brien who wrote the book is indeed the Tim O’brien that is in the book, therefore this must be a true st ory from his experiences in the Vietnam War. All the more, at the end of the chapter he even asks Jimmy Cross permission to write the book the reader is looking at right then and there, â€Å"At the end, though, as we were walking out to his car, I told him that I’d like to write a story about some of this†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Why not?’ he said†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Make me out to be a good guy, okay? Brave and handsome, all that stuff. Best platoon leader ever’† (29-30). Like stated before, it is nearly impossible for a blind reader to distinguish the â€Å"happening truth† from â€Å"story truth†, but it is possible that Tim O’brien and Jimmy Cross did in fact meet and talk for a day, but the honest facts may be twisted by â€Å"story truth†. For example, O’Brien may not remember his and Jimmy Cross’ conversation throughout that entire day in great detail; therefore he may have had to formulate and make up certain parts i n order to fill in holes and perhaps make the interaction more interesting. The first three words of the chapter â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story† are, â€Å"This is true† (67). Although Tim O’Brien begins this chapter with such a bold and clear statement, throughout the chapter he has the reader thinking and confused when he contradicts himself by stating things such as, â€Å"In many cases a true war story cannotShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Things They Carried Literary Analysis764 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis of The Things They Carried: Metafiction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tim O’Brien brings the characters and stories to life in The Things They Carried. He uses a writing style that brings stories to life by posing questions between the relationship of reality and fiction (Calloway 249). This is called metafiction and it exposes the truth through the literary experience. Tim O’Brien uses metafiction to make the characters and stories in The Things They Carried realistically evocative of the VietnamRead MoreLiterary Devices Used in the Things They Carried Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Devices Used In The Things They Carried By: Tom Vennemann The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien expresses the importance of a story-truth, as opposed to a happening-truth by use of literary elements in his writing. The novel is about war and the guilt it leaves on everyone involved in the war. Story-truth is not exactly what happened, but uses part of the truth and part made up in order to express the truth of what emotion was felt, which an important thematic element in the novel isRead MoreThe Things They Carries by Tim O ´brien768 Words   |  3 Pages What is â€Å"truth†? In The Things They Carried, the reader has their eyes opened to a new kind of â€Å"truth†; a â€Å"truth† that is not based on the honesty of events, the â€Å"happening-truth†, but the honesty of human nature, the â€Å"story-truth.† The novel itself, The Things They Carried, is comprised of many different stories based on the author Tim O’Brien’s service in the Vietnam war. Recalling from memories of his servic e, Tim O’Brien intricately weaves fact and fiction into his novel to force the readerRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien Essay832 Words   |  4 Pageslarge they carried these things inside, maintaining the masks of composure† (21). In Tim O’brien’s The Things They Carried, the American soldiers of the Vietnam War carry much more than the weight of their equipment, much more than souvenirs or good-luck charms or letters from home. They carried within themselves the intransitive burdens—of fear, of cowardice, of love, of loneliness, of anger, of confusion. Most of all, they carry the truth of what happened to them in the war—a truth that only thoseRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel The Things They Carried 1034 Words   |  5 Pageswhat a story is, opinions vary drastically. To one person, a story is merely a past recollection and to another it is a fictional piece of literature meant to teach or entertain its audience. Others may g o so far as to argue only the truth is of importance in a story. Tim O’Brien expands on the true significance of a story in his novel The Things They Carried. He uses the scene of a real war with fictional additions to convey the message of the brutality of war, emphasizing the idea of the truth of theRead MoreDifference Between Truth And Story Truth936 Words   |  4 Pagesto know why story-truth is truer sometimes than happening-truth† (O’Brien 171). When telling a story, people often exaggerate details, characters and other events in the story in order to make it more interesting. Why do people do this? Do they do it because they feel that the story lacked something and needs to be expanded upon, or is it something else. This way of telling a story is especially prevalent in Tim O’Brien’s book The Things They Carried, which is a collection of stories about the VietnamRead MoreThe Things They Carried : Writing Task1107 Words   |  5 PagesThe T hings They Carried - Writing Task By Charlie Evans – Word Count: 1099 Storytelling is the interactive art of using words and actions to reveal the elements and images of a story while encouraging the reader’s imagination. Tim O’Brien the author of the novel The Things They Carried demonstrates storytelling to maximise the significance of story truth versus happening truth and the focus on emotion and feeling, not the events. These main ideas O’Brien displays is reinforced through the choicesRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien978 Words   |  4 PagesThere is only one kind of truth, no matter what author Tim O’Brien may think and say in his novel The Things They Carried. As he explains it, story-truth is more of a way to allow someone to comprehend what he went through or felt. Then, what he calls happening-truth is the nut-and-bolt facts of what really happened. But I find serious fault with his definition. Story-truth is not truth. It is not what happened, it is just a way to lie about what really happened. Ha ppening-truth is what really happenedRead More OBriens Things They Carried Essay: Truth, Fiction, and Human Emotion1272 Words   |  6 PagesThe Things They Carried: Truth, Fiction, and Human Emotion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many levels of truth in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried. This novel deals with story-telling as an act of communication and therapy, rather than a mere recital of fact. In the telling of war stories, and instruction in their telling, OBrien shows that truth is unimportant in communicating human emotion through stories. OBriens writing style is so vivid, the reader frequently finds himself accepting theRead MoreAnalysis Of Tim O BriensThe Things They Carried1156 Words   |  5 Pagesplaguing thing it is to have a man’s mind torn asunder by two projects of equal strength, both obstinately pulling in a contrary direction at the same time.† By interpreting this quote, Stern says that no one can understand what it feels like for a man to have his mind torn apart by two equivalent forces that pull him apart in opposite directions inside. There was much underlying meaning and connection from Laurence Stern’s quote and to The Things They Carried. In The Things They Carried, Tim O’Brien

Passion Is Both Imprisoning and Liberating Free Essays

Analyses the emotional changes of Jed and How does he Imprison Joe’ One of the major characters in the novel is Jed Parry, one of the main male leads. Jed is a harsh Christian, to put it kindly â€Å"Please leave your message after the beat. And the may the Lord be with you†. We will write a custom essay sample on Passion Is Both Imprisoning and Liberating or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the ballooning Incident, he develops a voracious obsession with Joe Rose, who we know has a wife; Claries. Jed doesn’t seem like the violent type, though the power of his obsession Is Itself a kind of violence. He ascribes his love for Joe In his various letters and phone messages, as something dictated by God. He sees himself, as the result of Joey’s escape. The tension here is a slight variation of that between Joe and Claries. It revolves around the battle between science and faith. Throughout the novel, Jed expresses his love and views towards Joe very openly and seems Like the character In which he follows his heart instead of his head. From when Joe receives a phone call from Jed, enquiring when he shall be meeting with IM, he ends his part of the phone call with; â€Å"l can come to you. He hesitates while saying this and with no surprise Jed replies with † No. Tell me where you are. † The fact that Jed is very versatile and forgiving towards Joe tells us that he is truly in love with him. Jed Is very passionate towards Joe and portrays this deeply; â€Å"I don’t know why you’ve chosen me. All I know is that I love you too now, and that thereâ€℠¢s a reason for it, a purpose. † Through this he seems to have put Joe in a very awkward moment. From this he feels and knows that Joe has to react in either a way of horror or agreement. Joe feels trapped and very imprisoned even though Jed is only expressing his feelings and trying to understand why Joe doesn’t feel the same way. Later on In the novel, Jed starts to (In certain ways) ‘Interrogate’ Joe so he starts to understand exactly how he feels; â€Å"look. You don’t have to go about it like this. You could save us both so much misery. † This back fires as Joe still doesn’t express the truth and his full emotions. Jed continues this ‘act’ as he later on says â€Å"What have I done to you? Why are you keeping this up? † Joe has Instigated this and feels manipulated and controlled by him. Parry starts to get very affectionate towards Joe Rose, maybe trying to get through to Joe in a different way. He states; â€Å"Something passed between us, up there on the hill, after he fell, it was pure energy, pure light? † He tries to approach Rose in many ways and I believe this is his final attempt to reach Joe. This quote defines the way in which parry express’ love. He believes this is the true meaning of love and how he feels towards Joe. The fact that Joe Rose Is married doesn’t even cross Parry’s mind even thong en Is very aware AT ten Tact; â€Å"l en only way Is Tort ten tenure AT us to talk. † From this, I think that Parry believes this is all a game; a love triangle in which he believes he van fox but Joe isn’t taking it. By the end of chapter seven Joe finally loses his patience, hails a taxi and leave abruptly when Jed mentions dealing with what he sees as the ‘Claries problem’. How to cite Passion Is Both Imprisoning and Liberating, Papers

The Party Effect free essay sample

A look at how parties have an effect on Committees within Congress. This paper investigates whether staff, committee, or constituent relations membership make a difference when decisions are made. A look at how parties and party membership have an effect on committees with Congress and the way that activities are run. Often, we hear that all of the work in the legislative branch is done in committees. Are the committee members chosen due to their party affiliation? What about their staff? Are the constituents somewhere in the party affiliation wake? When each of these is considered, and party affiliation is thrown in, it is obvious that there is an effect. Committee members are chosen, and are expected to act, in relation to which party they belong. Staffs, though sometimes chosen according to their expertise, are chosen because of the party to which they belong. And though many constituent needs are non-partisan, party affiliation also affects them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Party Effect or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Odysseus vs. Achilles Essays - Greek Mythology,

Odysseus vs. Achilles Achilles and Odysseus are two of the greatest warriors for many reasons. Odysseus is described as a warrior for his bravery, determination, and for his quick skills that ended the Trojan War after ten years. Achilles is warrior because he skilled on the battlefield. He is also fierce. He fought in the war even though he was warned that his life would be taken if he entered the war. The fact that Achilles choose death so he can die with a glorious name. Both warriors are similar with their heroic acts for example, they go through trails that through that they became true warriors. It is a little different when it comes to qualities between the two. Odysseus is different than Achilles because through trails, Odysseus is more careful with his choices. His number one priority was to make it home with safety and caution about his men's safety also. Achilles was also worried about the safety of his men but he was not as smart as Odysseus because he did not think of the outcomes like Odysseus did and Achilles always looked for revenge. Odysseus warned his men with every choice and step they took and his determination to return home with safety and protection of his men is a heroic quality. In my opinion, Odysseus is the better warrior since he is the one that makes good choices and he stops to think about every decision he makes which is a very clever thing to do. He is motivated by positive reasons. Achilles is more concerned and motivated in his revenge acts. Achilles accepts the fact that he will die, on the other hand, Odysseus does not give up and he says he is going to die. Achilles was favored by the gods, while Odysseus was hated by the gods and did not want him to get home so easily. Odysseus moves quicker with actions and his main goal is to get home which makes the two different.

The eNotes Blog Ruh Roh, JK Rowling Upsets Middle England and SikhCommunity

Ruh Roh, JK Rowling Upsets Middle England and SikhCommunity It seems that when beloved Harry Potter author JK Rowling departed Hogwarts with her latest novel, she strayed a little far from her adoring public, too. The new book, A Casual Vacancy, has been published for all of a week and is already shrouded in controversy. Though it  was never intended to be for a young audience, its mature content was the first apparent no-no that sent some readers over the edge. Next, she offended her home county of Gloucestershire by depicting its inhabitants as snobby bigots.  Now, the author battles allegations that her novel is offensive to Sikhs, and may actually face a nation-wide ban in India. Deary me. Before were all caught up in the sensationalism of these allegations, here are the straight facts of the book: 1. This is NOT Harry Potter and the Casual Vacancy, people. Anyone expecting this book to be a follow-up to the Harry Potter series, or even in the same vein, has quite the shock coming. Clearly, when she wrote The Casual Vacancy Rowling was looking to her next project as a departure from the world of fantasy that she dwelt in before. I think I would be too if I had been writing in the same world for nearly two decades. She has been quite clear from the start that this is not one for the kiddies. Unfortunately, the writer will have a hard time shaking the identity associated with her name, as parents now have the tough task of explaining to their kids that they cant read the latest Jo Rowling creation. For one thing, her self-described rural comedy of manners has some quite mature content. While the most deplorable word uttered in Harry Potter was b****, in this one Rowling gets a little more, um, creative In fact, some of the scenarios and colorful vocab seem to have been heightened by the sheer fact that Rowling couldnt write them in her first seven published novels. She explains her need to write the rude bits in an interview with The New Yorker: She was ready for a change of genre. â€Å"I had a lot of real-world material in me, believe you me,† Rowling said. â€Å"The thing about fantasy- there are certain things you just don’t do in fantasy. You don’t have sex near unicorns. It’s an ironclad rule. It’s tacky. Quite right. In any case, youve been forewarnedthis one is rated R. 2. This book should be placed under the Fiction section. Rowling comes from a small village in the English countryside called Tutshil. While she probably used the quaint Gloucestershire surroundings as inspiration for the backdrop of her story, I doubt the plot of a parish council election gone haywire is anything but the figment of her imagination. However, the books fictional town of Pagford, a hotbed of cruelty and snobbery,  has tongues wagging all over Middle England, saying Rowling has shed an unflattering light on her home county, probably for the novels  bleak subject matter, which includes child abuse, prostitution and drugs. Does nobody read that fine-print reminder that everything and everyone contained in the book is a work of fiction, and not based on facts or real people? I suppose that message flies out the window when your hometowns feelings are hurt. Still, this is a little blown out of proportion. 3. The characters thoughts do not reflect the authors. This goes for any book. One doesnt read American Psycho and assume Bret Easton Ellis shares the views of deranged serial killer Patrick Bateman. But for some reason, perhaps because of the grand scale that this novel has debuted on, readers are offended by the derogatory views expressed by a select group of unsavory characters in The Casual Vacancy. In particular, the language used in reference to an Indian girl in the novel has members of the Sikh community in an uproar. In the novel, Sukhvinder is a young Sikh girl who is bullied by some of her peers. In the dialogue (NOT in the third-person objective narration) she is meanly called the Great Hermaphrodite, a hairy man-woman, and finally mustachioed yet large-mammaried. Its these descriptions of her that out of context have Sikh spokesman Avtar Singh Makkar  calling for a widespread ban of the novel. Note: the important words to reiterate there are  out of context. From The Telegraph, Rowling has said she included Sukhvinder’s experiences as an example of â€Å"corrosive racism†. She has spoken of her admiration for the Sikh faith and said she was fascinated by a religion in which men and women are â€Å"explicitly described as equal in the holy book†. A spokesman for Hachette, Rowling’s publisher, said the remarks were made by a character bullying Sukhvinder. â€Å"It is quite clear in the text of the book that negative thoughts, actions and remarks made by a character, Fats, who is bullying Sukhvinder, are his alone. When described in the narrative voice, the depiction of Sukhvinder is quite different to this,† the spokesman said. However, Rowlings statement of defense may not be enough to prevent a country-wide boycott of The Casual Vacancy in India, if the members of the  Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee deem it derogatory once theyve finished reading it.                                                                                          Ã‚   The whole controversy surrounding this novel has obviously been brought on by the massive expectations set for Rowling. She certainly wouldnt have had to face such scrutiny had this novel been published before her famed fantasy series. I cant help but think that its not really fair for her to be accused of such things; its as though everyone holds Rowling to a higher standard than other fiction writers. Is it possible for her to shake the Harry Potter image and create a new fan base? Mixed reviews for the content of the book aside, do you feel this criticism is warranted or not?

Beautyism and Friends

Beautyism and Friends Beautyism and Friends Beautyism and Friends By Maeve Maddox It’s not in my two main dictionaries yet, but beautyism has found a place in the catalogue of English words ending in -ism: Beautyism in the Workplace: Disguised Discrimination Jawahar and Mattsson (2005) investigated sexism and beautyism effects in employment processes using experimental research. The suffix -ism has been a prolific source of English nouns since the Middle Ages, but this newest use, to form words that denote perceived superiority or discrimination, is fairly recent and has produced the following nouns: ageism: Prejudice or discrimination on the grounds of a persons age; age discrimination, especially against the elderly. racism: prejudice and antagonism towards people of other races, especially those felt to be a threat to ones cultural or racial integrity or economic well-being. sexism: prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex. beautyism: prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination on the basis of physical attractiveness or lack of it. On the Ngram chart, the word racism begins a dramatic rise in the 1930s. Sexism and ageism begin their rise at the end of the 1960s. Beautyism barely shows in comparison with the others, but is on the graph beginning in 1971. The OED added these additional definitions for the use of the suffix -ism in 2004: a. Forming nouns with the sense ‘belief in the superiority of one [something] over another’; as racism, sexism, speciesism, etc. b. Forming nouns with the sense ‘discrimination or prejudice against on the basis of [something]; as ageism, bodyism, heightism, faceism, lookism, sizeism, weightism, etc. Some other uses of -ism To form nouns that name the process or completed action of a verb in -ize: baptize/baptism criticize/criticism, exorcize/exorcism plagiarize/plagiarism ostracize/ostracism To form nouns that name the action or conduct of a class of persons: hero/heroism patriot/patriotism despot/despotism To form the name of a system of theory or practice, sometimes on the name of the subject or object, and sometimes on the name of its founder: Arianism Buddhism Conservatism Puritanism Platonism Feminism To form a noun denoting a peculiarity or characteristic, especially of language: Americanism Gallicism archaism colloquialism solecism sophism witticism Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:36 Adjectives Describing Light10 Types of TransitionsQuiet or Quite?

The fourth of july Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The fourth of july - Essay Example The day started out with me waking up to the explosion of a few fireworks and I remembered how I promised A to go with her for the Independence Day celebration events. My cousins had stayed over the previous day, and once I was done with my morning routine and headed downstairs, I saw the whole kitchen bustling with excited young energy. The radio was blaring with Fourth of July related theme songs in the kitchen, whereas in the living room the television showed news regarding the various events of the day. I was not surprised to find A making merry with the elders of my family and I began to realize how much close she had become with us. â€Å"Good morning, sleepyhead,† she happily shrieked, to which I replied â€Å"A very good morning to you too miss cheeky-full-of-energy.† My cousins and I got ready soon and once I was done with breakfast, we left, but only after A reminded the elders that if they were lucky, they could spot us on television on channel ‘WETA TV 26.’ The plan was to spend the day in Washington, DC, attending all the events held there and getting home only after, as A ordered, we had the real taste of Fourth of July. â€Å"Hurry up, or we’re going to miss the train people!† she exclaimed, and I frantically ushered my four cousins into the metro. I could swear I have never seen the station so overcrowded before, not to mention the train itself. What I could notice from the tiny gap between my cousins was the happy faces of people who were in the train. This particular train population consisted of people dressed up in different styles related to the nation’s flag, and belonging to different age groups, as well as those who were unique in their own ethnicity, race and culture. I was amazed at how the train stood testimony to the growing multiculturalism in the North American mainstream (Kottak and Kozaitis). We were headed to the National Mall, and upon observing the people that surrounded us, I could gather th at they had the same

Major Middle East Events of 1978-1979 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Major Middle East Events of 1978-1979 - Essay Example According to this religious groups, the Jews living in the Soviet Union had the right to move back to their country of ancestral origin, especially given that most countries. From a religious perspective, the three religions have a common origin, also from the region around Israel and Palestine, and thus it could have been their religious role to support the emigration of the Soviet Jews to Palestine. During the same period, most actions by governments were against human rights. The Muslims in Saudi Arabia were even against the act of the Saudi royal family. The Christians were in support of the Jews since almost all Christian nations led by the US were for the move against the Soviet Union’s banning of the emigration of Jews to Palestine. It was felt by these three groups that the Soviet Jews had the right to emigrate from the Soviet Union if they chose to do so. Uniting for a common goal was the only way to defeat the Soviet Union, which was one of the top world super powers by that

Impact of Culture on Life Satisfaction of Students

Impact of Culture on Life Satisfaction of Students ABSTRACT Defining culture by reference to deeply situated societal values and beliefs, this study makes three contributions to the growing field of satisfaction research: first, it tries to uncover the relationship between international students life satisfaction and cultural life satisfaction across different cultures; Second, it explores whether and to what extent a range of cultural values serve as important moderators of international students life satisfaction; Finally, it explains the Life Satisfaction differences between international students across five nations (India, Africa, China, United Kingdom and Turkey). A total of 100 international students from the University of Northampton participated in this study. Analysis of the present study is based on data from two surveys. The first is the Dieners Satisfaction with Life Survey (SWL) to measure international students overall satisfaction with life across nations. The second is the cultural satisfaction survey which includes the six d eterminants of cultural factors: satisfaction in general, job, social relationships, health services, authority services and public safety. Using both Pearson and Partial correlation coefficient, statistical analysis showed that except for the General Satisfaction section p value is more than 0.05 (p>0.05) for each of the subsections. In addition, hypothesis one showed that there is not any correlation between Life Satisfaction and Cultural Satisfaction amongst International Students. Therefore, null hypothesis is accepted. One-Way between subjects ANOVAs enables us to partially accept hypothesis 2, which states there will be a difference in CS between International Students from different countries. Statistical results of one-way ANOVAs also accepted Hypothesis 3, which states there will be a difference in LS between International Students from different nationalities as well. According to these results, Hypothesis 2 is partially accepted because four out of the six subsections of the CS (General and Job Satisfaction) showed these differences. These results show the importance of the cultural determinants of the social relationship, health, authority and public safety satisfaction play a particularly prominent role on individuals Life Satisfaction. Finally, based on the Dieners SWL (Diener et al, 1984) and cultural life satisfaction survey, the empirical results show that several cultural values are indeed very significant influences on individuals assessment of their life satisfaction. INTRODUCTION Psychological research during the past two decades has revealed cultural differences across a wide range of domains. These studies focus on several factors such as what are peoples desires, wants, and needs, and which life domains are decisive in an overall evaluation of living conditions? Does the quality of a society in which a person lives play a significant role? As a result most psychologists are now keenly aware that the way people in different cultures think, feel, and act are, in varying degrees, different. International students have in recent years come to constitute a large proportion of the world-wide student body in higher learning institutions. There are hardly any countries that are unaffected by the presence of international students in its institutions of higher learning, or the pressure to send some of its own students to study abroad (Paige, 1990). Current estimates suggest that up to 1 million students annually study in countries other than their own (Open Doors, 1996/97). One rationale behind the increasing number of international students is the assumption that students can serve both as cultural ambassadors and resources (Klineberg, 1970; Mestenhauser, 1983; Paige, 1990), and as links between cultures (Eide, 1970). It has also been assumed that these cultural links could help reduce inter-group tension, prejudice, hostility and discriminatory behaviour, and to help increase international understanding and co-operation (Amir, 1969; Baron and Bachman, 1987; Fulbright, 1976) . These assumptions, however, have not always been supported. On the contrary mental health problems such as depression, psychosomatic complaints, anxiety and paranoid reactions (Jou and Fukada, 1997a and b; Sam and Eide, 1991; Ward, 1967; Ying and Liese, 1991) have been suggested to characterise international students. These are in addition to socio-cultural problems (e.g., language difficulties, difficulties in negotiating day-to-day social activities and, racial and ethnic discrimination) (Furnham and Bochner, 1982; Kagan and Cohen, 1990; Ward and Kennedy, 1993) and academic problems such as failure (Aich, 1963; Barker et al., 1991) have been documented as characterising international students overseas sojourn. Life Satisfacion (LS) has been defined as a global evaluation by the person of his or her life (Pavot et al., 1991, p. 150), and has been identified as a key aspect of quality of life and Subjective Well Being (SWB) (Mannel and Dupuis 1996). SWB is a way of defining a good life, and is often referred to as happiness. People who experience abundant SWB have many pleasures and few pains, and they feel satisfied with their lives (Diener, 2000). Satisfaction also refers to the cognitive/judgemental aspects of SWB (Neto, 1995). Diener and his colleagues (1999) argued that, SWB and happiness, has both an affective (i.e., emotional) and a cognitive (i.e., judgmental) component. The affective component consists of how frequently an individual reports experiencing positive and negative effects. In addition to this, previous research (Diener et al., 1999) has found college students consider happiness and LS to be extremely important, and there is evidence that increased LS impacts upon academi c performance in college students (Rode et al., 2005). Research has shown that increased LS and happiness may be related to goal progression (Emmons, 1986), close social relationships (Myers, 2000), and being involved in flow activities (Csikszentmihalyi, 1997). Moreover, Veenhoven (1991) uses the definition of LS as the degree to which an individual judges the overall quality of his life as a whole favourably. (1991: 10). This idea emphasises satisfaction with ones life, implies contentment with or acceptance of ones life circumstances, or the fulfilment of ones wants and needs for ones life as a whole. Furthermore, the need satisfaction model (Maslow, 1970; McClelland, 1961) and the spill over (Diener, 1984;Wilensky, 1960) theories provide useful frameworks to conceptualise the processes that underlie happiness in a life domain. The basic premise of the need satisfaction model is that people have basic needs they seek to fulfil in each life domain. Individuals derive satisfaction in a particular life domain when events and experience related to that domain fulfil their needs. Therefore, this model seems to suggest that people who are successful in satisfying their needs are likely to enjoy greater SWB than those who are less successful. For example, a person reports high satisfaction of her health life domain based on positive experiences concerning health-related activities such as a healthy diet, regular exercise and attention to medical needs. Moreover, the spill over theories of quality of life are viewed as having two broad types; bottom-up and top-down theories. Firstly, bott om-up theories assume that LS is a summary evaluation of aspects of ones life. For example, one is satisfied with life because one has good social relationships, enough money, weight under control, and an interesting job (Choi et al., 2007; George and Landerman, 1984; Larsen, 1978). Secondly, top-down theories assume that LS is due to personality influences. For example, a neurotic individual is more dissatisfied in general with his or her job, social relationships, weight, and income in particular ( Shepard, 1974; Kremer and Harpaz, 1982). Although there may be some agreement about the important qualities of the good life, with considerations like health and successful relationships, each individual assigns different values to these factors (Diener et al., 1985). Each person has his or her own values, criteria, and basis for evaluation. Furthermore, considerable research effort has been devoted to the study of adults perception of the quality of their lives, including LS judgements. LS research is supported by the variety of measures appropriate for adults, such as the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985; Pavot and Diener, 1993), Quality of Life Inventory (Frisch et al., 1992), Life Satisfaction Index (Neugarten et al., 1961), and the Salamon-Conte LS in the Elderly Scale (Salamon and Conte, 1984). Several studies have been carried out regarding LS and the results of these studies emphasise that LS is related to different factors. A great deal of psychological research has explored the sources of peoples LS. Due to variation in the characteristics of the included samples such as age, gender or culture questions which are commonly found in questionnaires as well as included indicators, different factors have been found to be associated with LS. Campbell (1981) indicates that there are at least 12 domains involved in contributing to LS. These are health, finances, family relations, paid employment, friendships, housing, living partner, recreational activity, religion, self-esteem, transportation, and education (Campbell, 1981). Specific cultural and social factors also have been found to play an important role in determining LS and happiness (Triandis, 2000). LS is used worldwide in research including adults, young people, students, older people etc. (Baiyewu and Jegede 1992; H illeras et al. 2001b,Neugarten et al. 1961; Vitterso et al. 2002; Wood et al. 1969) and is supposed to be a useful outcome variable in different countries. Cultural context is an important element that influences an individuals cognitive evaluation of ones life. Culture affects people in a variety of basic psychological domains, including self-concept, attribution and reasoning, interpersonal communication, negotiation, intergroup relations, and psychological well-being (Brewer Chen, 2007; Fiske et al., 1998; Markus Kitayama, 1991; Oyserman et al., 2002). Sociologists and social psychologists are interested in socio-demographic patterns that emerge when people evaluate their overall living conditions (Veenhoven 1984; Argyle 1999; Headey and Wearing 1992; Hagerty et al. 2000; Glatzer and Zapf 1984). However, socio-demographic factors account for less than 20% of the variance of SWB, a finding confirmed in several studies (Campbell et al. 1976; Andrews and Withey 1976; Diener and Suh 1997). Many efforts have been made to analyse determinants of LS and researchers from several disciplines illuminate this subject from different perspectiv es. The study revealed that the standard of living, access to employment, job satisfaction, marriage, social relationships, social networks, and health were the most decisive factors when explaining variations in LS within countries. Previous research also indicate that these factors have a positive impact on individuals LS (Diener et al. 1999) with results also showing that individuals with high LS have such benefits including physical health, mental health, good interpersonal relationships, and educational and vocational success (Frisch, 2000; Park, 2003, 2004; Veenhoven, 1989). More recently, economists have shown an interest in explaining LS outcomes with respect to reported SWB as a proxy for individual utility. They primarily focus on cross-country comparisons, the question of marginal utility of income, and the relationship between absolute and relative levels of income on SWB (Frey and Stutzer 2002a, b; Oswald 1997; Layard 2005). Moreover, LS differs a great deal between individuals and between European countries. The previous study within the enlarged European Union shows average LS in 2003, measured on a scale from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 10 (very satisfied), ranged from 8.38 in Denmark to 4.41 in Bulgaria. In every country high income goes hand in hand with higher LS scores. However, poor people in Denmark are nevertheless more satisfied than rich people in Bulgaria. The large differences in the overall level of LS between old and new member states have so far been explained with reference to the level of economic prosperity in each country (Fahey and Smyth 2004). Moreover, several studies have pointed out that poorer countries tend to possess lower LS than richer ones. To support this idea, Leelakulthanit and Day (1993) compared the LS scores of Americans and Thais. The results showed that Americans were more satisfied with their lives than Thais. Similarly, Diener et al., (1995) investigated LS among American, Korean, and Chinese college students. The results of the study illustrated that American college students scored more highly on LS, positive feelings and influential factors (e.g., income and wealth of the countries) than both Chinese and Korean college students. The results of these studies emphasized that the countries with high qualities (such as income, wealth, education) have higher LS scores than the countries who have low quality of standards . Conversely, Heady et al. (2004) instead analysed household panel data for five countries and found the happiness measure to be considerably more affected by economic fac tors than found in most of the earlier literature. The economic factors in the study include wealth and consumption expenditures and among the findings are that wealth has a stronger impact on happiness than income and that non-durable consumption expenditures are as important for happiness as income. Recent cross-country studies have therefore returned to this issue, questioning the insignificance of economic factors, which led to a heated debate in Social Science Indicators between Richard Easterlin, who defended the standard conclusion that average income does not matter, and Michael Hagerty and Ruud Veenhoven, who opposed this and argued that positive happiness trends in most nations were caused by income growth (Hagerty and Veenhoven 2003; Easterlin 2005; Veenhoven and Hagerty 2006). Moreover, a number of previous studies exposed evidence about health playing a critical role in overall LS. In fact, health has long been viewed as one of the major factors to LS as previous studies have found that health plays a crucial role on individuals LS (Linn et al., 1988; Michalos, Zumbo, Hubley, 2000; Okun et al., 1984; Parkerson, Broadhead, Tse, 1990). Additionally, a number of previous studies have examined the relationship between LS and health factors such as obesity, alcohol use, suicidal thoughts, physical activity, stress, and academic performance in different populations. For example, the study of the Moum (1996) found that people who score high on LS measures are less likely to attempt suicide. Lewinsohn et al., (1991) also pointed out that people who score high on LS are less likely to become depressed in the future . Several researches have also examined that LS is related to healthy behaviours in a number of different populations (Kelly, 2004; Rudolf Watts, 20 02; Valois, Zullig, Huebner, Drane, 2004b). To support this idea, Statistics Canada Web Site (2009), found that Canadians LS was related to their health. The statistics showed that people who were satisfied with their lives reported that their health was excellent (62.5%) and only 8.4% of people who were satisfied with life reported poor health. Conversely, of those people who were not satisfied with their lives, 54.2% reported that their health was poor. As a result, this study found that weak levels of health are directly related to low levels of satisfaction with life, low levels of morality, and low levels of satisfaction. This study also stresses that public health provisions have an important role on the improvements of individuals quality of life. For example, Life expectancy in France or Germany has risen sharply. However, this improvement is not due to high-technology. These countries attach importance to improve the quality of health in urban sanitation. The main aim here is relatively low-cost treatment (for example; antibiotics for childrens ear infections) (Deaton, 2008). From the past to the present, a great deal of psychological research has explored the sources of peoples LS. These sources include ones overall wealth, whether one is single or married, male or female (Gold et al., 2002; Murtagh Hubert, 2004), or young or old (Diener, 1984; Mercier et al., 1998; Prenda Lachman, 2001) A few studies have investigated international undergraduate students Satisfaction with Life (SWL) in the pattern of culture associates. Definition of the SWL emphasises the individuals own Quality of Life (QoL) based on their selected standards (Shin and Johnson, 1978). Each individuals decisions about their own particular criteria of their QoL can help them to judge and establish their own SWL (Diener et al., 1985). This shows that ones SWL is not a universally determined criteria of QoL, because each individual is judging their SWL by their own evaluation of the QoL. This is one of the important reasons to focus on people of diverse ethnic background and their differ ent values and perceptions of what may characterise the good life (Diener et al., 1985). Another important reason to study SWL and Culture across different nations is based on cultural factors (such as ones quality of life) that play an important role on individuals happiness. Veenhoven (1991) found that living in an economically prosperous country where freedom and democracy are respected; political stability; being a part of a majority rather than a minority; being toward the top of the social ladder; being married and having good relationships with family and friends; being mentally and physically healthy; being active and open minded; feeling in control of ones life; having aspirations in social and moral matters rather than money-making and being politically conservative are significantly related with individuals happiness rather than unhappiness. Moreover, other researchers have established that individuals from different cultures have different levels of economic and social satisfactions with their Jobs. For example, people who have the same jobs but who live in different countries might have different levels of job satisfaction because of cultural influences (Cranny et al., 1992; Gallie Russell, 1998). This signifies that both economic (money) and social (interest) satisfaction with work, such as individuals quality of their working styles, experiences and achievements, is another very important component of individuals overall SWL (Frijters et al., 2003; Kraft 2000). Furthermore, health is a subjective phenomenon manifested as the experience of wellness/illness based on individuals evaluations of how they are feeling and doing. There are variety of factors on an individuals health satisfaction which have been related to their LS such as weight (Ball et al., 2004), alcohol use (Murphy et al., 2005), stress (Schnohr et al., 2005), and physical activity (Valois, Zullig, Huebner, Drane, 2004b) These have been shown to be related to life satisfaction in different populations. The relationship between LS and various aspects of perceived health has been investigated in different nations because in different cultures people have different health institutions and services which can affect both their QoL and SWL. Previous researchers found that there is a positive relationship between subjective health and LS (Arrindell et al., 1999; Lohr et al., 1988; Rapkin Fischer, 1992; Willits Crider, 1988). The information above supports that to study both SWL and culture have been useful in illuminating how individuals differ in their SWL from different nations and the role of culture. A Number of studies emphasize that culture affects individuals from several basic psychological domains. For example, attribution and reasoning, intergroup relations, interpersonal communication, self-concept, negotiation, and psychological well-being (Brewer Chen, 2007; Fiske et al., 1998; Lehman et al., 2004; Markus Kitayama, 1991; Oyserman et al., 2002). From the theory and research presented in this review, it can be seen that cultural factors are the integrative parts of the LS. According to this, this study will focus on the Culture and LS amongst international students to see whether culture plays an important role on the undergraduate students LS from five different cultures. The specific aims of the study are three-fold. Firstly, it determines whether there is a relationship between international students LS and CS amongst five different countries. Secondly, it specifies whether the international students have differences in CS in general factors (i.e. quality of services/ city/life etc.), social relationships, job satisfaction, health, authority and public safety across five different countries. Thirdly, it explores whether there is an LS difference between International Students from five different countries which are China, India, UK, Turkey and Nigeria. In this study, I will focus on more cross-cultural phenomenon of the st udents satisfaction as well as its link with cross-cultural differences in the bases of LS (Schimmack et al., 2002; Suh et al., 1998) and provide tests of an empirically supported explanation for the differences. When people construct judgments about their overall LS, different cultural members place relative emphasis on different aspects of life. Therefore the hypotheses for this study are: There will be correlation between LS and CS amongst International Students from five different countries . There will be a difference in CS between International Students from five different countries There will be a difference in LS between International Students from five different countries. METHOD SECTION Participants A total of 100 students from the University of Northampton (UCN) in Northampton participated in the study. The sample for the current study comprised of 100 students, with twenty participants from each of the five nations India, Africa, China, United Kingdom and Turkey. Participants were selected from these five countries because many students from these countries came across to study in the University of Northampton. All participants were more than 18 years of age. Both males and females between the ages of 18-25 were selected. Each participant was required to complete both Questionnaire Section A of Life Satisfaction and Section B of the Cultural Satisfaction (see Appendix 2). All student participation was voluntary. Apparatus/Measurements The measures for the study were either taken directly or with modification from existing scales as described below. With the exception of the Satisfaction With Life Scale, all the items reported here were answered on a 5-point Likert Scale. Life Satisfaction : Global life satisfaction was measured by the Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, Griffin, 1985) to measure the life satisfaction of the international undergraduate students. The SWLS is a five-item inventory with a 7-point scale. The five items used to measure satisfaction with life are : (a) In most ways my life is close to ideal; (b) The conditions of my life are excellent; (c) I am satisfied with my life; (d) So far I have gotten the important things I want in life; and (e) If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing. Participants respond to each item on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree), yielding a possible total score ranging from 5 to 35 (see appendix 2). Satisfaction With Culture: Participants cultural life satisfaction was measured by questions both from Quality of Life Satisfaction Survey (2003) (QLS) (cited in Delhey, 2004) and the 2006 General User Satisfaction Survey (GUSS) (Torbay Council, 2006). Researcher also prepared some of the questions. The Satisfaction with Culture survey is a 70-item Likert scale designed to measure international students cultural satisfaction within six cultural life domains: general, social relationships, job satisfaction, health perception, authority and public safety were considered important influences on individuals life satisfaction. Participants respond to each item on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) (see appendix 2). General : The general questions about the cultural life satisfaction, which consists of twenty-three out of the 70 items, was added to the beginning of the Cultural life satisfaction scale in order to measure general life satisfaction about the cultural factors. The researcher also prepared the questions from 1 to 19. However, questions 20 to 23 from the general section were obtained from QLS. Students were expected to respond to each item based on a five-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Examples of items are It is a good place to live, overall quality of life in the city, water quality, noise etc. However, nine items were measured on an ordinal scale that assessed satisfaction with current state of general services (e.g. health services, public transport, education system etc.). Participants again respond to each item on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (poor) to 5 (very high). Higher values indicate higher LS. Social Relationships : To achieve a high level of joy and happiness in life, people must be socially involved with people. This involves getting along well with others, having friends and companions, and offering help to those who need it. This part evaluates international students social relationships in their home countries through sixteen items. However, five questions about the tensions between different groups were obtained from QLS. Scoring goes from 1 to 5, where 1 corresponds to the answer Very many tensions and 5 to No tension at all. Moreover, eleven questions consisted of general problems about parents, children, teenagers etc. These eleven questions were also prepared by the Researcher. Statements such as parents not taking responsibility for the behaviour of their children, noisy neighbours or loud parties and people being attacked because of their skin colour, ethnic origin or religion etc. The items were also based on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (a very big p roblem) to 5 (not a problem at all). Job Satisfaction: In this section questions asked students to evaluate their overall Job satisfaction and financial situation. Questions in the Job Satisfaction section were adapted from QLS. A list of seven items was constructed to measure the job satisfaction variable. Items were presented on a 5- point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Items included My work is dull and boring , I am well paid, and My job offers good prospects for career advancement etc. Health Perception : The health perception variable was measured on a Likert scale that assessed satisfaction with current state of health services in international students countries. This section consisted of eight items. Questions 1 to 4 from the health section were obtained from QLS. However, questions from 5 to 8 were obtained from GUSS. Items were presented on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from very satisfied to very dissatisfied where 1 corresponds to the answer very dissatisfied and 5 to very satisfied, and included statements such as waiting time to see doctor on day of appointment, Quality of Hospitals and Deal with patients etc. Authority: The authority section consists of seven items. Question 1 and 7 from the authority section were adapted from GUSS . Also, questions 2 to 6 were prepared by the researcher . The items were rated on a 5-point Likert scale, and included statements such as how satisfied or dissatisfied you are with each of the following services provided or supported by your country City Council such as; Sports/leisure facilities and events, libraries, museum, galleries, theatre etc. Scoring goes from 1 to 5, where 1 corresponds to the answer strongly disagree and 5 to strongly agree. Public Safety: Public safety questions about the cultural life satisfaction, which consists of nine items. Questions in the Public Safety section were prepared by the researcher. Questions include how safe do you feel walking in your neighbourhood during the day? and how safe do you feel walking in your neighbourhood after dark? etc. The responses were based on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from very unsafe to very safe, and 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Procedure Before the experiment participants were asked to read the standardised instructions (see appendix 3 ) and to give their consent verbally. According to the standardised instructions, participants were fully informed what the study was going to investigate. The standard instructions informed the students of the purpose of the study; that participation was voluntary and the responses were going to be treated confidentially. Also, it explained the details of what participants would have to do and were allowed to ask any questions. Experimenters informed the participants that the aim of the study was to investigate whether there is a relation between participants general life satisfaction and cultural life satisfaction. By giving their consent to taking part in the study, they were agreeing to be involved in this study and were then asked to sign the consent form (see appendix 4) and read the brief (see appendix 4). After that, participants were asked to fill in the questionnaire. The que stionnaire consisted of two sections; section A and section B. Section A was about the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener et al., 1985) to measure life satisfaction. The scale comprises of five-items and the responses were made on a 7-point agree-disagree Likert scale (Diener et al., 1985). On the other hand, section B was about cultural life satisfaction (Questions were obtained from QoL). The Satisfaction with Culture survey is a 70-item Likert scale and was designed to measure international students cultural satisfaction. The scale provides scores for six dimensions namely for the participants satisfaction with their nations. The six sections of the cultural satisfaction are: general, social relationships, job satisfaction, health perception, authority and public safety considered important on individuals cultural life satisfaction. According to participants responses, negative scores indicate dissatisfaction, whereas positive scores indicate satisfaction of the specific domain for the individuals life satisfaction. In this experiment, participants were not timed. Therefore, all the participants had the same life satisfaction and cultural satisfaction scale. Participants were also aware that they were allowed to withdraw at anytime without giving reason. After the experiment, the experimenter gave the participants a cue sheet which consisted of a brief explanation of what the study was about and the experimenters e-mail address (see appendix 5). Also, each Life satisfaction scale had the participant number recorded on the top of the paper so, if the participants changed their minds and wanted to retract their results from the study, they could email the experimenter and give their paper number by 01-01-2010. Also, participants were allowed to ask any questions. There was no deception of the participants in this study. Finally, no personal data was requested. As a result, the participants were anonymous . Questionnaires will be kept confidential and securely kept in the locked answers cupboard. Design This study was performed to determine the relation between culture and life satisfaction. The dependent variable of the study was the life satisfaction and the independent variable was culture. In this experiment, participants were sampled around the university campus and each participant received only one questionnaire. All experime