De-Extinction - The Resurrection of Extinct Animals

De-Extinction - The Resurrection of Extinct Animals Theres another popular expression that has been getting out and about of stylish tech meetings and ecological research organizations: de-eradication. Because of continuous advances in DNA recuperation, replication and control innovation, just as the capacity of researchers to recoup delicate tissue from fossilized creatures, it might before long be conceivable to raise Tasmanian Tigers, Wooly Mammoths and Dodo Birds once again into reality, probably fixing the wrongs that humanity exacted on these delicate brutes in any case, hundreds or thousands of years prior. The Technology of De-Extinction Before we get into the contentions for and against de-annihilation, its supportive to take a gander at the present status of this quickly creating science. The urgent element of de-annihilation, obviously, is DNA, the firmly wound particle that gives the hereditary diagram of some random species. So as to de-terminated, state, a Dire Wolf, researchers would need to recuperate a sizable lump of this creatures DNA, which isn't so implausible thinking about that Canis dirus just went wiped out around 10,000 years prior and different fossil examples recouped from the La Brea Tar Pits have yielded delicate tissue. Wouldnt we need the entirety of a creatures DNA so as to bring it once more from elimination? No, and that is the magnificence of the de-eradication idea: the Dire Wolf imparted enough of its DNA to present day canines that lone certain particular qualities would be required, not the whole Canis dirus genome. The following test, obviously, is locate a reasonable host to brood a hereditarily built Dire Wolf embryo; probably, a deliberately arranged Great Dane or Gray Wolf female would possess all the necessary qualities. There is another, less untidy approach to de-wiped out an animal types, and that is by switching a large number of long stretches of training. At the end of the day, researchers can specifically raise crowds of cows to energize, as opposed to stifle, crude characteristics, (for example, an ornery instead of a quiet aura), the outcome being a nearby estimate of an Ice Age Auroch. This procedure could possibly even be utilized to de-breed canines into their non domesticated, uncooperative Gray Wolf progenitors, which may not do much for science however would absolutely make hound shows all the more intriguing. This, incidentally, is the explanation for all intents and purposes nobody genuinely discusses de-extincting creatures that have been wiped out for many years, similar to dinosaurs or marine reptiles. Its troublesome enough to recoup practical parts of DNA from creatures that have been wiped out for a huge number of years; following a huge number of years, any hereditary data will be rendered totally hopeless by the fossilization procedure. Jurassic Park aside, dont anticipate that anybody should clone a Tyrannosaurus Rex in your or your childrens lifetime! Contentions in Favor of De-Extinction Because we may, sooner rather than later, have the option to de-wiped out evaporated species, does that mean we should? A few researchers and thinkers are bullish on the possibility, refering to the accompanying contentions in support of its: We can fix humanitys past missteps. In the nineteenth century, Americans who didnt know any better butchered Passenger Pigeons by the millions; ages previously, the Tasmanian Tiger was headed to approach termination by European settlers to Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania. Reviving these creatures, this contention goes, would help turn around an enormous verifiable injustice.We can get familiar with development and science. Any program as goal-oriented as de-elimination is sure to deliver significant science, a similar way the Apollo moon missions helped introduce the age of the PC. We may conceivably learn enough about genome control to fix malignant growth or broaden the normal people life length into the triple digits.We can counter the impacts of ecological ravaging. A creature species isnt significant just for the wellbeing of its own; it adds to a huge trap of natural interrelationships and makes the whole biological system increasingly vigorous. Reviving wiped out creature s might be only the treatment our planet needs in this time of an unnatural weather change and human overpopulation. Contentions Against De-Extinction Any new logical activity will undoubtedly incite a basic clamor, which is frequently an automatic response against what pundits think about dream or bunk. On account of de-elimination, however, the naysayers may have a point, as they keep up that: De-eradication is a PR trick that reduces genuine natural issues. What is the purpose of reviving the Gastric-Brooding Frog (to take only one model) when several land and water proficient species are near the precarious edge of capitulating to the chytrid organism? An effective de-eradication may give individuals the bogus, and risky, impression that researchers have settled the entirety of our natural problems.A de-extincted animal can just flourish in an appropriate environment. Its one thing to gestate a Saber-Toothed Tiger baby in a Bengal tigers belly; its very another to imitate the environmental conditions that existed 100,000 years back when these predators controlled Pleistocene North America. What will these tigers eat, and what will be their effect on existing warm blooded creature populations?Theres normally a valid justification why a creature went terminated in any case. Advancement can be pitiless, however its never off-base. Individuals chased Wooly Mammoths to annihi lation more than 10,000 years back; whats to shield us from rehashing history? De-Extinction: Do we have a decision? At long last, any real exertion to de-wiped out a disappeared animal varieties will presumably need to win the endorsement of the different government and administrative offices, a procedure that may take years, particularly in our present political atmosphere. Once brought into the wild, it very well may be hard to shield a creature from spreading into surprising specialties and territoriesand, as referenced above, not even the most far-located researcher can check the natural effect of a revived animal varieties. One can dare to dream that, if de-termination goes ahead, it will be with a maximal measure of care and arranging and sound respect for the law of unintended outcomes.

Weaponry: A History :: essays research papers

Weaponry: A History      What is the most ruinous force ever? Is it a rocket torpedo that shoots directly to the surface from a submarine, flies through the air toward a foe sub, and afterward jumps at its objective? Is it the electrically fueled automatic rifle that regurgitates 110 rounds for each second to crush its rival totally? Possibly it’s an intercontinental ballistic rocket equipped with atomic warheads, fit for executing many thousands with a solitary nuclear bomb. Of course, is it the tank with warm imaging sight that detects an adversary vehicle’s heat so it can seeâ€and killâ€even it all out haziness?      Actually, it is none of these. One must go right back to the start of weapons advancement, when people originally made sense of that specific devices made fighting much progressively successful. A person’s arm, for instance, couldn't toss a stone or stick exceptionally far, so individuals contrived slings and sharp tips to let their shots travel farther, quicker and land more enthusiastically. Iron-tipped lances, lances and blades appeared when people figured out how to utilize and shape metals a large number of years prior. Other early fighting gadgets included bows and bolts, launches , and with the training of the pony, the pony driven chariot.      None of these crude weapons appear to address the above inquiry, so skirt ahead to the vehicle of black powder from China to Europe in the thirteenth century. With the presentation of black powder, the protection of the renowned â€Å"knights in sparkling armor† step by step got futile against the entrance of ammo shot from a harquebus, flintlock, or gun . By the fourteenth century, most European armed forces utilized black powder, rockets and different explosives in fighting. However the craft of war was reformed again by the pistol and the programmed gun in the nineteenth century.      The first significant war to utilize the quick shoot weapons was WWI. New contraptions were expected to ensure the officers, presently clustered in channels, unfit to move, not to mention battle. Enter the tank. Infantry could now be in all out attack mode. Progress in the structure of warships prompted more grounded, increasingly deadly submarines that terminated torpedoes from underneath the waves. Torpedo-vessel â€Å"destroyers† were then made to battle the submarines.      Germany’s rout in WWI prompted its advancement of ballistic rockets, one of the developments that transformed fighting once more. Advances in programmed weapons and aeronautics were the most recent developments on the battlefront. In any case, it was the deadliest weapon at any point made the nuclear bomb-that chose and finished the war for the last time.

Heredity, Genetics and Protein Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Heredity, Genetics and Protein Synthesis - Essay Example In antiquated occasions, individuals thought about how children were conceived and why they share numerous attributes of their folks. For long it was a secret, until Gregor Mandel, an Austrian priest presented a few rules that shaped the premise of current hereditary qualities. He clarified that these qualities or heritable properties are moved as units called qualities. (Sharma 2005, p.2). With the advancement in science and accessibility of current research methods, it was before long affirmed that these qualities are nucleotide grouping in a DNA atom. This succession resembles a guidance manual of how attributes will be created in a person. As Mandel had clarified before, one trademark or quality is acquired from each parent. Be that as it may, where are these qualities found and how they are moved from guardians to posterity? This was the inquiry that was before long addressed after a year after Mandel’s passing. It was at first recommended that hereditary material is situ ated in core. Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri proposed in 1903, that qualities are conveyed in uncommon structures called chromosomes. (Sharma 2005, p.14). Qualities are set of guidance conveyed by uncommon atoms called Deoxyribonucleac Acid or DNA. It is this particle that breezes around histone proteins to frame a chromosome. DNA has a novel structure that empowers it to safeguard and move hereditary material. DNA is a twofold abandoned, against equal helical structure with a deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate spine. Every nucleotide has either a purine or pyramidine nitrogenous base joined to it. Guacine sets with cytosine and thymine sets with adenine on integral strands. This variable arrangement of base pair is really the hereditary code. A particular quality is available at fixed area on a chromosome called locus. There are 23 sets of chromosome present in a substantial cell of an individual and each parent contributes one chromosome to frame that pair. How these chromosomes are moved from guardians to posterity? The appropriate response is straightforward; gametes of each parent contain 23 chromosomes and when two gametes intertwine these chromosomes are included in one cell called zygote. All the ensuing cells that are framed from zygote by the procedure of mitosis contain indistinguishable hereditary material. So any physical cell has a couple of same chromosome, one from mother and one from father. As referenced before, qualities are available at fixed areas on a chromosome. In the event that there is a couple of chromosome it implies there will be two arrangements of same quality, one from each parent present at similar loci. The base succession of these two arrangements of qualities may not be same and this variety in quality is called an allele. (Kail and Cavanaugh 2007, p.44). Presently significant inquiry is which of these two qualities will be communicated in the posterity? Recall that hereditary cosmetics of an individual is called genotype and its physical articulation is a phenotype. Much of the time, the two alleles are communicated to deliver a phenotype. Sickle cell infection is brought about by change in the beta hemoglobin quality. At the point when this quality is communicated it frames an unusual protein which causes modification looking like red platelet from biconcave circle to sickle formed (Bloom, 1995). As a feature of past conversation, this quality additionally has two alleles acquired from each parent. A person with just one transformed quality won't get this malady in light of the fact that the other typical quality will likewise be communicated and make up for unusual quality. This is an awesome case of how qualities are key determinants of human attributes. Not all successions in a DNA speak to a quality. All the hereditary material in core and in mitochondria together is known as a genome. Just 1% f this genome is really qualities. Thousand of these qualities direct species in development and impro vement of different attributes. One quality

Innovation And Entrepreneurship Affect †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Innovation And Entrepreneurship Affect. Answer: The paper presents a concise outline of the advancement and business. It clarifies that how advancement and enterprise influence the business exercises of the association. Advancement is the application and procedure of better arrangements so as to address verifiable issues, new necessities and market needs and wants. The advancement is identified with the new creation. Advancement and business enterprise are interconnected with one another. Further, advancement is the procedure of execution of new thoughts, musings, innovation, and information. Development is the consequence of group and collective endeavors where achievement and development rely on the new innovation and science. Advancement and business are the more extensive ideas. Development is the way toward changing over a thought and innovation into the great and administration which make viable qualities in the association (Bloom, Draca Van Reenen, 2016). It includes the arranged use of information and data, activity, creat ive mind and various qualities from assets. It is a procedure which includes numerous exercises, performed by the different players in the association. Numerous associations receive advancement and business enterprise procedure to pick up the more achievement and development later on. Development isn't just the creation procedure however it likewise makes changes in the plan of action of the association. Advancement builds the client decisions and desires and it likewise amplifies the globalization network. Through advancement, the organization can take the business enterprise benefits. In this manner, development assumes a huge job in each association. It is the blend of innovative procedure and imaginative procedure to make and assemble new monetary incentive for the different partners (Hattab, 2014). Enterprise is the procedure propelling, running, working and planning another business and exchange. It has been characterized as the Willingness and capacity to arrange, oversee, work and build up a business with diminishing the different sort of hazard so as to expand the income and benefit of the organization. The business people recognize the chances and dangers of the market. A business person characterized as an individual who begins, oversees, arranges and works any endeavor and venture. Business enterprise makes and builds up the open doors for the work and it upgrades and expands the economy of the nation (Choi Majumdar, 2014). It is compulsory for the upgrade and advancement of administrative and regulatory capacities. It is the wide and dynamic idea which wipes out and expels the different obstructions and snags inside the association. In business enterprise, individuals grow new thoughts and considerations and they become increasingly mindful and gauge and distinguish the chances and dangers of the organization. After the different inquires about, it has been discovered that development and enterprise are critical to grow the business exercises and to defeat available contenders (Bae, Qian, Miao Fiet, 2014). Advancement and enterprise assume a huge job in each association. Advancement is the particular instrument of business enterprise. Business visionaries search and discover the wellsprings of advancement and they discover the open doors for the business. Advancement is fundamental for the endurance of business visionaries and it is likewise important to grow the matter of the association. Advancement and enterprise are the key achievement factor of the association. In todays serious condition, advancement and business enterprise are significant achievement elements to defeat on the rivals in the market. Advancement and business enterprise help to create and assemble the authoritative structure and qualities in the association. Business people are the individual who recognizes and assess the different chances and finds the holes in the market and measures the achievability of new business. They gather the input from the market to accomplish the authoritative objectives and targets. Num erous organizations utilize the conventional business procedures and techniques in business which influences the business exercises of the organization. Hence, the association utilizes advancement and business enterprise process in the association. Business visionaries utilize the advancements to improve and upgrade the nature of work and they likewise improve the situation of the organization in the worldwide economy. Business visionaries are answerable for development and accomplishment of the organization (Kleinknecht, 2016). Here, my stuff development theoretical organization has been chosen for the paper. The exposition gives a diagram of the significance and impacts of utilizing the development and enterprise device in themanagement with the goal that goal can be accomplished. My stuff development is a mover and packer organization which is a moving business. The organization helps the clients in conveying administrations at their doorsteps. Through these exercises, the item is effectively reachable by the clients. Numerous different exercises which the organization performs are online conveyance, helping with moving house, aid home conveyances and so on. As the business is new in the market and the possibility of the business is likewise imaginative, in this manner the organization needs to utilize development and enterprising exercises in their business so as to make progress (Seltzer Mahmoudi, 2013). The truth of the matter is known to all that no business in todays world can run effectively without utilizing development device in their business. So as to make an alternate situation in the business, every single organization needs to actualize such procedures. Further, the idea of the business is imaginative so in the event that the business visionary of the organization will execute the creative procedures, at that point the business will pick up the piece of the overall industry in a limited capacity to focus time. The organization will utilize troublesome development method in their business with the goal that their abilities are improved in the market. Troublesome advancement is the sort of development which the business procedure use uses to improve the nature of their item and give most extreme fulfillment to the client of the organization. My stuff development organization has started with an imaginative thought in the market, in this manner the clients will presently anti cipate from the organization that it will work likewise with inventive methods in the market (Baden-Fuller Haefliger, 2013). Problematic development will assist the organization with circulating their item in the objective market with low costs. This will pull in light of a legitimate concern for the clients which will make them utilize the administrations of the organization. What's more, at last the offer of the organization will rise. In the event that the items are conveyed in the market without lower costs and there are effectively accessible to the clients at their doorstep at that point, because of better accessibility at low costs the organization will thrive in the market and increase the serious edge. On the off chance that such vehicle administrations are being sold at a significant expense in the market, at that point it will get hard for the business to make its situation in the market because of previously existing rivals in the market (Leutner, Ahmetoglu, Akhtar Chamorro-Premuzic, 2014). Discussing the utilization of enterprising procedures in the organization, such methods will help the organization in the inception of troublesome development in the market. Advancement and enterprise devices are constantly utilized in arrangement, creative being the more extensive idea is utilized by the business person in starting their business capacities (Frankenberger, Weiblen, Csik Gassmann, 2013). A business visionary is an individual who investigations the dangers which can make misfortunes for the organization and drive them to create benefits for the association. No business person can work productively without utilizing creative strategies. In the organization my stuff development, the principle task which the business visionary will perform is to persuade the representatives and cause them to comprehend the instruments which the organization is going to use to expand the deal in the market. On the off chance that the worker of the organization won't bolster the choice of their pioneer then the organization can't work in since quite a while ago run. In this manner, alongside development, the supervisor of the organization will proficiently take a shot at the pioneering procedures with the goal that greatest money related advantages are accomplished for the organization (Kttim, Kallaste, Venesaar Kiis, 2014). One of the creative strategies which the organization will be used to boost their benefits is the utilization of online networking innovation to improve the working of the business. Discussing development, innovation is the first import thing which draws in the business and encourages them to procure benefits. The business person will effectively investigate the interest of the objective market and the prerequisite of the clients, and afterward in like manner flexibly the administrations and item in the market. Further, it will be noticed that the business visionary will help the work force of the organization to build up the abilities and aptitudes (Cabigiosu, Zirpoli Camuffo, 2013). The effect of the utilization of imaginative pioneering strategies is that the organization will improve its abilities and make an item which is requested in the market. Development isn't just required by the item or administrations however the business visionary can start advancement in the internalman agement of the association too. With this impact, the business person will start themanagement to use the assets ideally and decrease wastage. Another path in whichinternal the board can be improved is that the pioneer will instruct the administration with respect to the creative strategies utilized in the business so they can trust on the exercises of their administrator. In this way, along these lines the advancement and enterprise instruments can assist the organization with utilizing the assets ideally and increasing most extreme advantage for the organization (Boons, Montalvo, Quist Wagner, 2013). Consequently, from the above occasions, it will be noticed that in todays world it extremely basic for an organization to actualize development and enterprise methods in their business procedure. So the My Stuff

What is A Room With A View about? Essay example -- English Literature

What is A Room With A View about, as you would like to think? What strategies does E.M. Forster use to pass on this message to the peruser? A Room With A View is about the social change happening in England in the mid twentieth century, post Queen Victoria's demise. Darwin had simply distributed his book on the hypothesis of advancement which was the impetus for the presentation of progressively liberal and mainstream thoughts into a preservationist and strict England. So as to clarify this procedure of progress, Forster compares it to the Renaissance, which is the reason it is noteworthy that A Room With A View starts in Italy. The issue with a quickly changing society is that individuals from that society don't essentially realize how to carry on in light of the fact that the limits are changing and this is the thing that Forster is attempting to depict in A Room With A View. Each character in the novel can be ordered into one of two gatherings, the Victorian/Medieval characters and the twentieth Century/Renaissance characters. Certain characters represent extraordinary periods. Be that as it may, Forster is skilful enough to make these characters sensible which is the reason they are fit for logical inconsistency; for very much a not many characters, the peruser accepts that they have a place with one of these bunches yet then their conduct is out of nowhere in opposition to that gathering in this way befuddling the peruser with regards to what period they represent. For instance Miss Bartlett is quickly seen by the peruser as a 'Victorian' in light of the fact that in the main part she rejects Mr Emerson's liberality since she feels it is ill-advised to acknowledge. Be that as it may toward the finish of the novel, the peruser is made mindful that Miss Bartlett intentionally doesn't intrude on a discussion among Lucy and Mr Emerson, flawlessly mindful that he could convince Lucy to admi... ...es, where individuals put stock in affection, however scorn those challenged show to wed for affection. His tale is fruitful at doing this since it praises enthusiasm and rashness; he taunts those representing show, for example, Cecil, Mr Excited and Miss Bartlett and supports those that speak to adore and progression. Cecil doesn't simply speak to show he too speaks to 'culture'. Lucy and George wed at long last to everybody's shock since it is Forster's plan to empower sentiment. Despite the fact that Forster's tale is managing explicit occasions happening in English history it never the less stays a novel which is still appreciated today since it manages the all inclusive subject that affection vanquishes all. The characters are manifestations that live today similarly as they did as when the novel was first distributed, in light of the fact that they are so practical and natural to the peruser.

A Snapshot of Bette Daviss Divorce--She Read Too Much, Says Husband Critical Linking, November 11

A Snapshot of Bette Daviss Divorce--“She Read Too Much,” Says Husband Critical Linking, November 11 Sponsored by  Flatiron Books, publishers of Nine Perfect Strangers by Liane Moriarty. On December 7, 1938, The New York Times reported on the dissolution of Bette Davis marriage with Harmon “Oscar” Nelson. The stated reason for the divorce? The actress read too much. The report goes on to say: Harmon usually just sat there while his wife read to an unnecessary degree. She thought her work was more important than her marriage. She even insisted on reading books or manuscripts when [Harmon] had guests. It was all very upsetting. Yes Bette Yes!! I believe Africans, living in Africa, need something entirely different from Afrofuturism. I’m not going to coin a phrase but please feel free to do so. Our needs, when it comes to imagining futures, or even reimagining a fantasy present, are different from elsewhere on the globe; we actually live on this continent, as opposed to using it as a costume or a stage to play out our ideas. We need a project that predicts (it is fiction after all) Africa’s future ‘postcolonialism’; this will be divergent for each country on the continent because colonialism (and apartheid) affected us in unique (but sometimes similar) ways. In South Africa, for instance, there needs to exist a place in our imaginations that is the opposite of our present reality where a small minority owns most of the land and lives better lives than the rest. Heres a really great piece on Afrofuturism. Epic adventures are only part of the appeal of J.R.R. Tolkien’s Middle Earth books. What really set Tolkien apart from other fantasy writers was his skill at crafting entire worldsâ€"and at showing how important language is to history and identity. How much do you know about Tolkien’s linguistic world? Time for a Tolkien pop quiz. Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Ins and Outs The Social Identity Theory Applied to the Prince by Machiavelli and Christopher Columbus’ Journal - Literature Essay Samples

In social psychology, there is a well-known theory that explains why individuals show hatred for those of different races, religions, sexualities, sports teams, political parties, and other groupings. This is called the â€Å"social identity theory†. Those who share a common category, the ingroup, are more likely to bond, whereas people of the opposite or different category, the outgroup, are portrayed negatively and often stereotyped by the ingroup. In early human times, social identity theory protected humans from unknown threats. The human would see something in the woods and need to make a decision as to whether it was a friend or foe. In modern humans, social identity theory encourages unity by establishing an enemy. Peoples feel more connected to one another when there is a common outgroup. The Prince and Christopher Columbus: Extracts from Journal are excellent examples of how humans have retained their primal instincts and how such instincts can be used to benefit the nation or community. This paper will argue that having a mutual enemy, or outgroup, strengthens bonds among dissimilar peoples and helps a ruler consolidate power over his people. In The Prince, Machiavelli argues that in order to unite people, the prince should declare and publicly condemn an enemy. Machiavelli explains that a successful prince will exaggerate the harm an enemy has inflicted upon the people and afterwards give â€Å"hope to his subjects that the ills they are enduring will not last long†. Machiavelli emphasizes the need for an outgroup, in this case the enemy. Not only is the prince supposed to create an outgroup, but he should also be encouraging â€Å"fear of the enemy’s cruelty†. Giving the people an enemy will unite them in both in spirit and in battle. Here, the prince is supposed to establish an outgroup so that the the prince himself will not become the enemy. Machiavelli warns that if the prince neglects this critical step, the people will revolt against him or simply not take arms when ordered unless he stops them, he should take â€Å"effective measures against those who are too outspoken†. Such individu als are known in the social identity theory as outgroup sympathizers. In some situations, the sympathizers can aid the nation, but here, Machiavelli argues that they can limit a nation’s growth and a prince’s power. Further, this behavior will make the prince more favorable to his people because it appears that he has the key to defeating the enemy. Once an enemy is established and the people are incited, the people are equally enraged and as a result more likely to fight as a group. In addition to uniting as a nation, Machiavelli argues that an enemy also unites the people to and under the prince. This is a major benefit to the prince as it makes the people more willing to fight for the prince and no one else. When the enemy â€Å"of course burn and pillage† the people’s homes and cities, â€Å"so the prince has the less reason to worry†. The reason for the prince’s action is because once the people’s â€Å"enthusiasm has died down†, they may assume more power than they had before. The prince needs to keeps them focused on the peoples hatred of the outgroup. Now fighting for a common goal, the people â€Å"will identify themselves even more with their prince†. The leader of the ingroup, in Machiavelli’s opinion, not only has the right to incite the ingroup against the outgroup, but has the duty to do. He claims that once the prince gains the trust of the people, the people will be more willing to act as a g roup. This will make them easier to rule and more likely to blindly follow the prince. In this chapter of The Prince, Machiavelli emphasizes the need to have a common enemy by showing the reader how creating an outgroup can positively affect an ingroup. More importantly, creating a common enemy can help solidify a princes authority and control over his people. To further his own assertions, Machiavelli also provides an example of when a prince does not successfully establish an enemy and how it divides the people. Machiavelli examines why Italy is not powerful and how the princes of Italy have let down their people. The first mistake the Italian princes made was dividing the nation â€Å"into several states† due to the war between the nobility, â€Å"each of these states became so small many citizens became a prince, but the townsmen had no experience in military matters† and could not establish or defeat a common enemy. Also, the nobility who were in control of the citizens were only concerned with fighting one another instead of actual external threats. This â€Å"led Italy into slavery and ignominy†. The ingroup, the Italians, became poor due to too many princes, each with their own agenda, lack of control over the citizens, and the lack of an outgroup. Machiavelli also condemns princes who incite the people against one another. He attributes the fall of the Italian empire to the â€Å"Church in order to increase its temporal authority, supported these revolts† who take the place of a prince. The Church had an ulterior motive to divide the people of Italy against one another and succeeded. However, as mentioned earlier, the citizens were not soldiers and so the Church hired foreign mercenaries to fight for them, who then created their own nations within Italy. The Churchs decision to fund rebellion within Italy led to the Church becoming less powerful and contributed to the decline of Italys reputation and power. Without a strong prince to lead them, the ingroup will suffer as they consume precious energy and resources fighting each other rather than a mutual, external enemy. A legitimate, foreign threat will see Italy as a collection of broken city-states that would be easily conquered by a strong enemy. The only way to reverse such intricate disorder is to choose a prince who represen ts all of the nations within a divided Italy. Machiavelli permits this prince to incite the people against a certain outgroup in order to protect the entirety of the nation. If a prince fails to pit the ingroup against a particular outgroup, the ingroup will suffer. Christopher Columbus journal clearly shows that disparate people can be united under a banner of hatred for an outgroup, in this situation the Native American peoples. Traveling to the Americas for the first time, Columbus kept a travel log and frequently wrote about the people living on the â€Å"newly discovered† islands. His goal was to convince Ferdinand, the Spanish king, to finance and support another another expedition to America. To convince him, Columbus claimed that the native peoples â€Å"have no religion† and as a result â€Å"would very readily become Christian.† Columbus created an outgroup of godless heathens, clearly the opposite of the fervently Roman Catholic Spanish monarch. After Columbus establishes the enemy, he appeals to the king by stating his plan, â€Å"I could conquer the whole of them with fifty men, and govern them as I pleased.† Conquering an outgroup, especially one from new lands, would not just benefit the nation financia lly, but also socially. Financially, Colombus’ people were at an advantage as they saw the gold and wealth the natives carried, â€Å"there is much gold, the inhabitants wearing it in bracelets upon their arms, legs, and necks, as well as in their ears and at their noses.† Columbus believes that once he returns to Spain with his ships full of gold and other treasure, the king will want to send more ships to the Americas, thereby accomplishing Columbus’ financial goal. Socially, once the land in America is conquered, the Spanish inhabitants will feel more united because they have defeated the outgroup. Columbus was well aware that having a common enemy would strengthen the group as a whole due to the wealth they carry and willingness to convert to a new religion. Columbus uses social identity theory to convince the king to send more aid and money to Columbus and his men. The social identity theory is the basis of most disputes. It is something that we, as intelligent beings, cannot remove from our instincts. The key to overcoming it is to embrace it and understand the impact it has on our lives. Machiavelli explains how the people can be manipulated into believing an outgroup is more harmful than it truly is. Machiavelli shows that the people need an enemy in order to unite against and that having an enemy makes it easier to for a leader to govern and control his own people. Columbus argues a similar point that sometimes in order to get what you want, you need to convince the audience that you are a part of their ingroup. Columbus successfully does this when he writes the king to ask him for more aid in order to explore more of the Americas. He does this by mentioning the gold in the new land and establishing a new enemy: the native peoples. In both of the texts, the outgroup is used as a means to empower the ingroup, the result being that the ingrou p will be more more willing to support their leader and fight against the enemy. The social identity theory is the key to unifying a nation.